Title page
Contents
Introduction 6
Purpose of the ORF Study 6
Importance of Measuring Oral Reading Fluency 6
Foundational Skills for Fluency 7
The Role of Language Comprehension in Reading Comprehension and Oral Reading 7
Method 8
Measures of Oral Reading Fluency and Foundational Skills 8
Operationalization of the Measures 8
Tasks 9
Scoring 9
Findings 10
New Data on the Reading Skills of Fourth-Graders Performing Below NAEP Basic 10
Characteristics of Students in the Below NAEP Basic Subgroups 10
Oral Reading Fluency and Foundational Skills for the Below NAEP Basic Subgroups 12
1: Oral reading fluency (passage reading) 12
ORF passage reading WCPM 12
ORF passage reading accuracy 13
ORF passage reading expression 15
Summary of findings on ORF passage reading and NAEP reading performance 15
2: Foundational skills (word and pseudoword list reading) 17
Word reading WCPM 17
Pseudoword reading WCPM 18
Conclusion and Implications 19
Conclusion 19
Implications 19
The NAEP reading framework and future assessments 19
Policy and research 20
References 21
Table 1. Percentage of fourth-graders performing below NAEP Basic, by below NAEP Basic subgroup and selected student characteristics: 2018 11
Figure 1. Average passage reading WCPM, by NAEP reading achievement level and belowNAEP Basicsubgroup: 2018 13
Figure 2. Average passage reading accuracy, by NAEP reading achievement level and belowNAEP Basicsubgroup: 2018 14
Figure 3. Average passage reading expression, by NAEP reading achievement level and belowNAEP Basicsubgroup: 2018 16
Figure 4. Average word reading WCPM, by NAEP reading achievement level and belowNAEP Basicsubgroup: 2018 17
Figure 5. Average pseudoword reading WCPM, by NAEP reading achievement level and belowNAEP Basicsubgroup: 2018 18