Title page
Contents
Summary 4
01. Introduction 5
02. Governments and armies in the Sahel: structural failures 8
03. The case of northern Mali 12
04. Niger: a counterexample 16
05. The role of local militia groups 20
06. The limitations of proxy warfare 22
07. Conclusion: the end of military cooperation? 26
About the author 29
Acknowledgments 29
Figure 1. Jihadist group presence in the Western Sahel 6