Title page
Contents
Summary 4
01. Introduction 5
02. The post-2003 Iraqi state 9
03. Rethinking corruption in Iraq 13
04. The expansion of the special grades scheme 18
05. The consequences of power: politically sanctioned corruption 27
About the authors 31
Acknowledgments 31
Figure 1. Timeline of key political developments and the rise of the special grades, 2003-20 8
Figure 2. Flowchart of payment process for government employees 15
Figure 3. Pyramid diagram of all special grades 19