Contents
Why This Topic? 1
Data and Analysis 2
Key Findings 2
Looking Ahead 9
Appendix. Sample, Data, Methods, and Supplemental Findings 11
References 25
Figure 1. Average hours per week principals spent on leadership activities, by time-use category 2
Figure 2. Average hours per week principals spent on direct instructional support, by principal and school district 3
Figure 3. Average hours per week principals spent on direct instructional support and the subcategories of direct instructional support over the school year 4
Figure 4. Average hours per week principals spent on indirect instructional support and the subcategories of indirect instructional support over the school year 4
Figure 5. Average hours per week principals spent on direct and indirect instructional support, by prior elementary school teaching experience 5
Figure 6. Percentage of teachers who reported receiving direct instructional support from their principal, by principals' prior elementary school teaching experience 6
Figure 7. Characteristics of instructional feedback teachers reported receiving from their principal, by principals' prior elementary school teaching experience 7
Exhibits
Exhibit 1. Relationship between other characteristics and time principals spent providing instructional support 8
Table A.1. Percentage of teachers who reported receiving principal support for all support activities, by principals' prior elementary school teaching experience 17
Table A.2. Usefulness of instructional feedback teachers reported receiving from their principal, by principals' prior elementary school teaching experience 18
Table A.3. Relationship between principals' delegation of responsibilities and principals' time spent on instructional support 20
Table A.4. Relationship between the prevalence of novice teachers and principals' time spent on direct and indirect instructional support 21
Table A.5. Relationship between school baseline achievement and principals' time spent on direct and indirect instructional support 22
Table A.6. Relationship between principal reports about students' behavior problems and principals' time spent on direct and indirect instructional support 23
Figure A.1. Variation in principals' time providing indirect instructional support 14
Figure A.2. Average hours per week principals spent on the subcategories of direct and indirect instructional support, by prior elementary school teaching experience 15
Figure A.3. Average hours per week principals spent on direct and indirect instructional support, by prior principal experience 20
Appendix Exhibits
Exhibit A.1. Characteristics of study districts, schools, and principals 11
Exhibit A.2. Principal, teacher, and school characteristics that were not found to be associated with principals' time spent on instructional activities 19