Title page
Contents
Summary 4
1. Introduction 5
1.1. Forty years of economic development 6
1.2. What drives Shenzhen's economic growth? Some identified factors 9
1.3. What channels Shenzhen's innovation growth? 10
2. An overview of Shenzhen's innovation growth 12
2.1. Shenzhen's innovation: From technological imitator to indigenous innovator 12
2.2. Intensive R&D investment fueling Shenzhen's innovation growth 15
3. Shenzhen's technological trajectory: The formation of a globally leading ICT cluster 18
4. Shenzhen's local innovation ecosystem 21
4.1. Which stakeholders are most active? 21
4.2. Dense industrial connections strengthening the vitality of local innovation ecosystem 24
5. Shenzhen's inclusion in the Global Innovation Networks 26
5.1. A new stage of climbing along the Global Innovation Networks 26
5.2. Shenzhen's knowledge sourcing 27
6. Discussion 29
6.1. Conclusions 29
6.2. Implications 30
6.3. Policy lessons 31
6.4. Future challenges 31
References 33
Figure 1. China's window to industrialization and development: China's and Shenzhen's GDP per capita, in constant 2010 US dollars 7
Figure 2. Evolution of Shenzhen's GDP per capita and patent applications, 1980-2018 13
Figure 3. Evolution of top three Chinese cities' novel patents 13
Figure 4. Chinese cities' position in technological novelty vs. complexity 14
Figure 5. Shenzhen's innovation intensity: R&D expenditures/GDP, percent, selected countries and regions 16
Figure 6. Structure of China and Shenzhen's R&D expenditures 17
Figure 7. Relative technological specialization of four Global Innovation Hotspots 18
Figure 8. Shenzhen's technological and scientific profile, 1985-2015 20
Figure 9. Evolution of Shenzhen's innovation landscape, 1992-2015 22
Figure 10. Type of stakeholders: China and Shenzhen 1992-2015 23
Figure 11. Patenting of five types of large and middle-sized firms: China and Shenzhen 24
Figure 12. Structure of Shenzhen's local collaboration network during stage 3 25
Figure 13. Type of collaboration in China and its top three cities 27
Figure 14. Top 10 knowledge sources of Shenzhen, Beijing, Shanghai, and Silicon Valley 28