Contents
INTRODUCTION 1
LI-ION BATTERIES, SUPPLY CONSTRAINTS, AND RISK TO THE ENERGY TRANSITION 3
EVALUATING ALTERNATIVES TO LITHIUM-ION 7
DIVERSIFYING CLEAN ENERGY SUPPLY CHAINS THROUGH ALTERNATIVE BATTERY CHEMISTRIES 13
AREAS FOR ACTION 15
CONCLUSION 18
Figure 1. Projected lithium demand per year, measured in metric kiloton (kt) of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) 5
Figure 2. The Battery Trilemma: Supply Security, Performance, and Cost 12