Title page
Contents
Summary 4
Part A - Sao Paulo's Global Innovation Hotspot 7
B.1. Introduction 7
B.2. Sao Paulo: A regional champion in a challenging environment? 8
B.3. Innovation ecosystem 18
B.4. Local technological capabilities and opportunities for diversification 25
B.5. Scientific capabilities and science-industry relations 32
Part B - Sao Paulo's Local Capabilities and National Network 38
B.6. Introduction 38
B.7. Technological production profile of the Sao Paulo ecosystem 39
Part C - Innovation policies in Brazil 57
C.1. Federal measures: General purpose 57
C.2. Sectoral measures: Federal level 60
C.3. Local policies: The state of Sao Paulo 64
Conclusions and future research 67
References 69
Table A.1. Evolution of patenting and scientific publishing, by regions and selected countries 10
Table A.2. Top 20 INPI applicants, 2001-2020 22
Table B.1. Revealed technological advantage of main Brazilian Global Innovation Hotspots and niche clusters, 1997-2020 44
Table B.2. Top 20 MNCs by patent applications, Brazil, 1997-2018 49
Table B.3. Top 20 MNC patent applicants, Sao Paulo innovation ecosystem, 1997-2018 49
Table B.4. Top 10 patent applicants by inventor location in Top 10 Brazilian Global Innovation Hotspots and niche clusters, 1997-2018 50
Table B.5. Top 20 universities and PRIs in academic patenting 52
Table B.6. RTA per inventor type, 1998-2018 53
Figure A.1. Brazil's 2019 export basket 8
Figure A.2. Sao Paulo's economic composition (employment, 2015) 9
Figure A.3. Talent in Sao Paulo and other regions 11
Figure A.4. Sao Paulo's mesoregion and hotspot borders 12
Figure A.5. IPF patents in hotspots and clusters, 2001-2015 13
Figure A.6. IPF, national patents and utility models in Sao Paulo, 2001-2015 14
Figure A.7. Share of patents in Brazilian hotspots and mesoregions 15
Figure A.8. Share of highly cited patents in Sao Paulo and worldwide clusters, 2006-2015 16
Figure A.9. Share of high-complexity patents in Sao Paulo and worldwide clusters, 2006-2015 17
Figure A.10. Share of IPF patents owned by the three largest applicants, 2006-2015 18
Figure A.11. HHI applicant concentration, 2006-2015 19
Figure A.12. Share of patents with more than one inventor, 2006-2015 19
Figure A.13. Type of patent applicant, IPF data, 2001-2015 20
Figure A.14. Share of patents owned by research institutions, 2001-2015 21
Figure A.15. Top 20 IPF applicants, 2001-2015, Sao Paulo 23
Figure A.16a. Share of foreign-owned patents in Brazil 23
Figure A.16b. Share of foreign-owned patents in selection of GIHs 24
Figure A.17. Ratio of UM to patents filed at INPI, 2001-2015 24
Figure A.18. Sao Paulo's IPF patents across tech fields, 2006-2015 25
Figure A.19. Evolution of Sao Paulo's technological specialization IPF patents across tech fields, 2001-2015 26
Figure A.20. Evolution of Brazil's technological specialization IPF patents across tech fields, 2001-2015 26
Figure A.21. Sao Paulo's relative specialization patterns, 2011-2015 27
Figure A.22. Technological concentration, 35 fields (HHI), IPF, 2011-2015 28
Figure A.23. Sao Paulo's technological complexity and RTA, 2011-2015 28
Figure A.24. Diversification opportunities, 2011-2015 29
Figure A.25. Diversification opportunities, 2006-2015 31
Figure A.26. Number of scientific publications, 2001-2015 33
Figure A.27. Scientific article production and growth 34
Figure A.28. Share of highly cited publications, 2001-2015 35
Figure A.29. Patenting vs. scientific publishing activity in hotspots and niche clusters, 2006-2015 36
Figure A.30. Science-industry correlation, 2006-2015 36
Figure B.1. Patent applicants: Invention patents and utility models, top 10 regional Global Innovation Hotspots and niche clusters 40
Figure B.2. Patent applicants, top 10 regional Global Innovation Hotspots and niche clusters 41
Figure B.3. Average inventors per patent by year (Invention Patents), Brazil, 1997-2020 42
Figure B.4. Share of international co-patents (of total), Brazil 42
Figure B.5. Share of international co-patents (of total), regional Global Innovation Hotspots and niche clusters (3 year moving window) 43
Figure B.6. Share of countries that co-patent with Brazil, 1997-2020 43
Figure B.7. Share of human capital with college degree in manufacturing of main Brazilian Global Innovation Hotspots and niche clusters 45
Figure B.8. STEM graduate students per 100,000 inhabitants of main Brazilian Global Innovation Hotspots and niche clusters 46
Figure B.9. Employees in knowledge-intensive business services per 1,000 employees in manufacturing of main Brazilian Global Innovation Hotspots and niche clusters 47
Figure B.10. Industrial R&D: Ratio between wages of R&D staff and wages in manufacturing per 100,000 employees of main Brazilian Global Innovation Hotspots... 47
Figure B.11. Patent applications from multinational companies, Brazil, 1997-2018 48
Figure B.12. Patent applications from multinational companies, main regional Global Innovation Hotspots and niche clusters, 1997-2018 48
Figure B.13. Academic patenting, Brazil, 1997-2020 52
Figure B.14. Share of distribution of patens per technological domain and type of inventor, 1998-2018 54
Figure B.15. Share of each innovation hotspot and niche cluster in total Brazilian patents per type of inventor, 1998-2018 55
Figure B.16. Closeness of innovation collaboration networks, 1998-2020 55
Figure B.17. Betweenness of innovation collaboration networks, 1998-2020 56
Maps
Map B.1. Map of innovation collaboration networks, 1998-2020 56