Title page
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3
FOREWORD 5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8
ACTION PLAN AND WAY AHEAD 10
ASSUMPTIONS 11
I. Strategic Competition in the Gulf and Regional Threat Assessment 11
A. China's Strategic Approach 12
B. Russia's Strategic Approach 12
C. Chinese and Russian Military Sales in the Middle East 13
D. Iran's Strategic Approach 14
E. Destabilizing Threats from Iran 14
II. An Integrated Framework for More Effective Defenses 16
A. Current Regional Air- and Missile-Defense Capabilities 17
B. Maritime Security Environment of the Gulf and the Red Sea 18
C. How Integrated Air and Missile Defense Would Improve Collective Security 20
D. Strengthening Maritime Security 21
E. Elements of the Architecture 21
F. Challenges to Establishing and Implementing More Effective Defenses 23
III. Conclusion 25
Annex A: Glossary of Terms 28
Annex B: Findings of the Gulf Security Task Force 29
Annex C: Command-Structure Options and Lessons Learned 31
Figure 1/Figure 2. The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute maintains a database of arms transfers and shows all international transfers of major... 13
Figure 2/Figure 3. The data displayed are pulled from The Military Balance 2021. The numbers reflect quantity, not the effectiveness of the capability.... 17
Figure 3/Figure 4. The data displayed are pulled from The Military Balance 2021. The numbers are quantity, not the effectiveness of the capability.... 19