Title page
Contents
Executive summary 1
Introduction: Chinese industry growth meets MENA digitization 3
PEACE buttressing BRI 6
PEACE in war and espionage 9
PEACE: a flashpoint in the geopolitics of the internet 11
Table 1. Submarine cables owned, financed, constructed or upgraded by Chinese companies in MENA 4
Figure 1. Touch points at MENA landing stations of cables owned, built, or upgraded by Chinese entities (current and expected, 2023-25 ) 5
Figure 2. The PEACE cable connects the Middle East, East Africa, and Europe 8