Title page
Contents
Acknowledgments 2
Introduction 6
Background 7
Central African Republic 8
A HISTORY OF RUSSIAN INFLUENCE 8
MILITARY INSTRUCTORS AS A MEANS OF INFLUENCE 8
OPERATION CARTHAGE AND PR-AUGMENTED ELECTIONEERING IN TUNISIA 9
RUSSIAN FILMS 10
RUSSIAN STATUES 11
XENOPHOBIC VIOLENCE ORIGINATING ON SOUTH AFRICAN SOCIAL MEDIA 12
Cote d'Ivoire's Information Space 13
EMERGING TACTICS AND TECHNIQUES 13
AMPLIFIED NARRATIVES 15
Mali 18
A HISTORY OF RUSSIAN INFLUENCE 18
PRO-RUSSIA AND ANTI-FRANCE GROUPS 19
PRO-RUSSIA CAMPAIGNING IN SUDAN 20
SOCIAL MEDIA CAMPAIGNS 21
DIASPORA ACTIVATION FOLLOWING OUTBREAK OF WAR IN ETHIOPIA 23
Niger's Information Space 24
EMERGING TACTICS AND TECHNIQUES 24
AMPLIFIED NARRATIVES 26
Burkina Faso 27
THE RISE OF PRO-RUSSIA, ANTI-FRANCE NARRATIVES 27
CITIZEN SUPPRESSION AND DIGITAL AUTHORITARIANISM IN NIGERIA 28
Conclusion 29