Title page
Contents
Abstract 2
1. Motivation 2
2. Literature Review 5
3. Data 7
3.1. Raw data and estimation sample 7
3.2. Data on Downstream and Upstream Reuses of Digital Images 9
4. Empirical Framework 12
5. Estimation and Results 15
5.1. Availability of Digital Artworks from Museums in the US 15
5.2. Effect Size and Magnitude 18
5.3. Robustness 19
5.4. Random assignment around the discontinuity and placebo tests 22
5.5. Differences-in-Differences 25
5.6. External Validity 27
5.7. Image Reuse and Upstream Quality 31
5.8. Upstream and Downstream Reuses 31
5.9. Image Quality of Upstream Works 32
6. Summary 35
References 36
Appendix 39
Table 1. Summary Statistics 10
Table 2. Summary Statistics: Google Downstream/ Upstream Use 11
Table 3. RDD: Availability (Artist-Level) (log) 16
Table 4. RDD: Availability (Artist-Level) 17
Table 5. RDD: Availability (Artist-Level ) (Balanced) 19
Table 6. RDD: Availability (Bandwidth) 21
Table 7. RDD: Availability (Artist-Level) (Placebo sample) 24
Table 8. Differences-in-Differences: Availability (Artist-Level) 26
Table 9. Differences-in-Differences: Availability (Artist-Level) (Balanced) 27
Table 10. Upstream Use and Image Resolution 35
Table 11. RDD: Availability (Country-Level) 40
Table 12. RDD: Availability (Artist-Level) (poisson) 41
Table 13. Differences-in-Differences: Availability (Country-Level) 42
Table 14. Country Table (overall) 44
Table 15. Top 20 Venue and Artist Table (overall) 44
Table 16. External Validity of Data: Manual inspection for selected museums and GitHub repositories by U.S. museums, creation year 1910-1940 45
Figure 1. Useum Example - Museum of Contemporary Art Los Angeles and Wikimedia Commons 9
Figure 2. Number of Digitized Artworks: Raw Data 13
Figure 3. RDD: Digitized Artworks (log) (Artist-Level) 16
Figure 4. RDD: Digitized Artworks (log) (Artist-Level Balanced-Panel) 18
Figure 5. RDD Timeframe: Digitized Artworks (log) 21
Figure 6. RDD: Covariates Artwork Characteristics 23
Figure 7. RDD: Digitized Artworks Placebo Sample 25
Figure 8. Dynamic Differences-in-Differences 27
Figure 9. Number of Reuses by Artwork Creation Year 32
Figure 10. Upstream Use and Image Resolution 34
Figure 11. RDD: Digitized Artworks (log) (Country-Level) 41
Figure 12. RDD: Digitized Artworks (log) Placebo Years 43
Figure 13. Webscraper Graph 45