Title page
Contents
Summary 4
1. Background 7
1.1. The Integrated Operating Concept 2025 7
1.2. The 2021 Integrated Review and Defence Command paper 8
1.3. NATO Defence Innovation HQ (DIANA) 10
1.4. AUKUS advanced capabilities pillar (pillar 2) 10
1.5. A refresh of policy in 2023 11
2. Cyber 13
2.1. Commitments in the 2015 SDSR 13
2.2. The 2021 Integrated Review and 2023 refresh - a full spectrum approach 16
2.3. National Cyber Force 17
3. Artificial intelligence and autonomous systems 20
3.1. Defence AI Strategy 22
3.2. US political declaration on the responsible military use of AI and autonomy 23
3.3. Incorporation of AI into defence programmes 24
4. Novel weapons systems 30
4.1. Directed energy weapons 30
4.2. Hypersonic weapons 33
5. Space 36
5.1. A new integrated approach 37
5.2. Defence Space Strategy (DSS) 39
5.3. A refresh of policy in 2023? 41
6. Critical underpinning technologies 43