Title page
Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4
INTRODUCTION 7
DEFINING LAND CORRUPTION AND ITS IMPACTS 8
LAND CORRUPTION IN CARBON-INTENSIVE ECONOMIES 11
Land corruption in agriculture and forestry 11
Land corruption in the extractive industries 14
OPPORTUNITIES FOR LAND CORRUPTION IN THE NET-ZERO ECONOMY 16
Land corruption in nature- and land-based mitigation responses 16
Corruption risks in land-based carbon projects 18
Distorting green discourse for private gain 18
Land corruption in the energy transition 21
Corruption risks in renewable energy projects 22
Land grabbing in carbon capture and storage technologies 22
Transition minerals, corruption and illegal mining 22
THE IMPACT OF LAND CORRUPTION ON CLIMATE RESILIENCE 25
CONCLUSION 28
RECOMMENDATIONS 30
ENDNOTES 35
Figure 1. Estimates of area needed for each source of energy 21
Figure 2. Summary graph on the relationship between land corruption and climate change 29
Boxes
Box 1. Land tenure insecurity and corruption 9
Box 2. Main types of land-based mitigation responses 17
Maps
Map 1. Summary of case studies in this report 7