Title page
Contents
Summary 4
01. Introduction 6
02. Post-2003 Sinjar: From a national to a transnational conflict 10
03. Sinjar: A transnational conflict hub 15
04. Policy implications 26
List of abbreviations 34
About the authors 35
Acknowledgments 35
Figure 1. Positions of different armed actors in Sinjar, 2018 8
Figure 2. Sinjar timeline since 2003 14
Figure 3. Power networks of the main actors in Sinjar 16
Figure 4. Satellite images showing the growing military presence of the Iraqi security forces near the Sinjar mountains, between September 2018 and August 2023 28
Figure 5. Satellite images showing the steady development of the wall at two points of the border between 2020 and 2023 29
Figure 6. Satellite images showing the progressive development of gaps in the constructed wall at the border between December 2018 and June 2023 30