Title page
Contents
Summary 4
1. Background: Targets and statistics 6
1.1. What are the government's targets for BESSs? 6
1.2. What types of batteries are used in BESSs? 8
1.3. How many BESSs are there in the UK? 11
2. What permissions do BESSs need? 14
2.1. Planning permission 14
2.2. Generating licence from Ofgem 19
3. Concerns about the safety of BESSs 21
3.1. Concerns about fire risks 21
3.2. How many BESS fires have occurred? 23
3.3. How can BESS fires be prevented? 24
4. How is the safety of BESSs regulated? 25
4.1. Product safety 25
4.2. Fire safety 27
4.3. Health and safety 30
4.4. Which regimes do not apply to BESS? 31
5. Barriers to the development of BESSs 34
5.1. Investment in, and funding for, BESSs 34
5.2. Manufacturing capacity 36
5.3. Delays to grid connections 37
5.4. Critical minerals 38
6. Further reading 41