Title page
Contents
Abstract 3
Acknowledgments 3
Summary 5
Introduction 7
Overview of Global Poultry Trade and NTMs 9
Previous Research on Poultry NTMs 12
Data 13
Methodology 16
Results 19
Changing Composition of Poultry Nontariff Measures Over Time 19
Aggregate Gravity Model Results 21
Regional Heterogeneity on Nontariff Measures 24
Conclusions 27
References 28
Appendix 31
Table 1. Top 10 exporters and importers of chicken meat, 2018-22 12
Table 2. Number of poultry-related notifications by region and type, 1995-2019 21
Table 3. Gravity model estimates for the effects of nondiscriminatory World Trade Organization nontariff measure notifications on the value of poultry trade 23
Table 4. Gravity model estimates for the regional effects of nondiscriminatory World Trade Organization nontariff measure initiation notifications on the value... 25
Table 5. Gravity model estimates for the regional effects of nondiscriminatory World Trade Organization nontariff measure in force notifications on the value... 26
Figure 1. Exports of chicken meat by region, 1999-2022 10
Figure 2. Imports of chicken meat by region, 1999-2022 11
Figure 3. The number of poultry nontariff measure (NTM) initiations notified to the World Trade Organization (WTO) 19
Figure 4. The number of poultry nontariff measures (NTM) placed in force notified to the World Trade Organization (WTO) 20
Box Tables
Table B.1. Examples of nondiscriminatory poultry notifications from the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Integrated Trade Intelligence Portal (I-TIP) 14
Table A.1. Gravity model estimates for the effects of nondiscriminatory World Trade Organization nontariff measure notifications on the value of poultry trade 31
Table A.2. Gravity model estimates for the regional effects of nondiscriminatory World Trade Organization nontariff measure initiations or in force notifications... 32
Table A.3. Countries included in panel data specification 33