Title page
Contents
Contributing institutions to ETNC 5
List of authors 6
Introduction: National perspectives on Europe's de-risking from China 7
EU: De-risking from China hits the road 16
Austria: European de-risking without stepping on China's toes 23
Belgium: Balancing between ambitious discourse and policy inertia 28
Bulgaria: De-risking from China not a priority amid concerns over Russia and domestic political friction 34
Czechia: Early ideological whistleblower turned European mainstream 39
Denmark: De-risking paves the way for pragmatic reengagement with China 44
Finland: A supply security veteran does moderate de-risking 49
France: Chinese undertones in a broader quest for economic security 54
Germany: Assessing the risks of de-risking 60
Greece: Hesitant in the face of China-related risks 65
Hungary: Viktor Orbán's bet against the tide 70
Ireland: Searching for autonomy amid US-China rivalry 74
Italy: Top-down de-risking vs bottom-up deepening of ties 80
Latvia: A case of an "indirect de-risking policy" 84
Lithuania: "De-Risking" before it Became Fashionable? 89
The Netherlands: An Extensive but Fragmented De-risking Approach 93
Poland: Gradual increase in awareness of de-risking needs 100
Portugal: Aligned with the EU strategy but wary of any confrontation with China 105
Romania: Early progress before the launch of de-risking but little since 110
Slovakia: High risks, little action on dealing with China dependencies 115
Spain: No de-coupling, some de-risking from China and more strategic autonomy for the EU 120
Sweden: A difficult balancing act between openness and de-risking 125
United Kingdom: Following the de-risking trend 131
Endnotes 137
France: Chinese undertones in a broader quest for economic security 57
Table 1. Critical sectors subject to FDI screening in France today 57
The Netherlands: An Extensive but Fragmented De-risking Approach 95
Table 1. Overview of the inclusion of China-related risks, dependencies, relevant sectors and derisking measures in the electoral programmes of the six largest... 95
Sweden: A difficult balancing act between openness and de-risking 129
Table 1. Areas covered by Sweden's FDI legislation 129
Introduction: National perspectives on Europe's de-risking from China 10
Figure 1. Position and role of select European countries in relation to de-risking from China 10
Figure 2. De-risking debates, concerns, and policy measures in select European countries 12
EU: De-risking from China hits the road 19
Figure 1. (Omit) 19
Figure 2. EU de-risking not yet visible in aggregate trade numbers 21
Austria: European de-risking without stepping on China's toes 26
Figure 1. Investment strategies of Austrian MNCs in China 26
Belgium: Balancing between ambitious discourse and policy inertia 30
Figure 1. Belgium/China Trade Balance (trade in goods) 30
The Netherlands: An Extensive but Fragmented De-risking Approach 97
Figure 1. Non-exhaustive overview of Dutch initiatives, measures and strategies related to economic security and de-risking in 2023 and 2024 97