Title page
Contents
Executive Summary 8
Background 10
Results 12
Natural gas 12
Heating oil 13
Electric resistance heating 14
Discussion 17
Cost-effective opportunities for heat pump adoption in Massachusetts 17
Reducing demand for natural gas and greenhouse gas emissions 18
Air conditioning and adaptation to extreme heat 19
Conclusions and recommendations 20
Data sources 21
Heat pump coefficient of performance 21
Residential electricity, natural gas, and oil prices 21
Annual savings to heating costs 22
Natural gas demand and CO₂ emissions 22
References 23
Figure 1. Household heating types by county. The size of the chart is proportional to the population size 11
Figure 2. Annual heating cost savings through heat pump adoption in the average-sized MA household, which currently uses natural gas furnace heating.... 13
Figure 3. Annual heating cost savings through heat pump adoption in the average-sized MA household, where incumbent heating is an oil furnace. Only towns... 15
Figure 4. Annual heating cost savings through heat pump adoption in average-sized MA household, where incumbent heating is electric resistance heating.... 16
Table A1. Change in annual heating costs through air- and ground-source heat pump adoption in Massachusetts by town, based on incumbent heating type 26