Title page
Contents
Summary 4
01. Introduction 6
02. Structural violence in Edo State and the movement of people 13
03. From structural to direct violence along the route to Libya 23
04. 'Abuse-for-profit' in the Libyan conflict economy 26
05. Tracing the 'continuum of violence' 34
06. Policy implications 37
About the authors 43
Acknowledgments 44
Figure 1. The routes of movement from Edo State in Nigeria to Tripoli in Libya 9
Figure 2. Connecting structural violence in Edo State with the movement of people via Libya 18
Figure 3. How the exploitation of people moving fuels conflict 27
Figure 4. How external intervention 'regulated' human-smuggling and -trafficking practices 29
Figure 5. The 'continuum of violence' between Edo State and Libya 35
Boxes
Box 1. Categories of violence within a continuum 7
Box 2. Modes and systems of travel 10
Box 3. Cycles of debt and poverty: The case of agriculture 16