Title page
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2
ABSTRACT 5
INTRODUCTION 6
TRADE, KINSHIP AND CHECKPOINTS 9
Long-distance trade and kinship 9
Checkpoints and collective identity formation 10
Struggles over clan capital 11
THE LONGUE DURÉE OF EMBEDDING TRADE IN KINSHIP 12
Abanship: converting the caravan trade into clan capital 12
From colonialism to the isbaaro wars 14
TWILIGHT CHECKPOINTS 16
KINSHIP BARRIERS AND BROKERAGE 21
CONCLUSION 26
REFERENCES 28
Table 1. Checkpoints along two banana supply chains 24
Table 2. Comparison of checkpoints along farm routes and inter-urban routes 25
Figure 1. Number of checkpoints in Somalia between 2006 and 2008, differentiated between routes in northern and southern Somalia 17
Figure 2. Checkpoints in Somalia late 2022-early 2023 18
Figure 3. Map of checkpoints and the 'jurisdiction' of checkpoint brokers along one Somali corridor 22