Title page
Contents
Acknowledgements 3
Acronyms 7
Executive Summary 9
1. Introduction 17
2. Methods 20
2.1. Climate finance contributions 20
2.2. Fair share index 20
2.3. Metrics to inform self-differentiation among other Parties 22
3. Which developed countries fell short of providing their fair share of climate finance in 2022? 24
4. A burden-sharing arrangement 27
4.1. Why might the NCQG include a burden-sharing arrangement? 27
4.2. Are there precedents for a burden-sharing arrangement? 28
4.3. What metrics might be used in a burden-sharing arrangement? 29
5. Climate finance provision by other Parties 31
5.1. Does the developed/developing dichotomy introduced in 2009 for the $100 billion goal still hold? 31
5.2. How much climate finance do other Parties countries provide? 33
5.3. What metrics can inform other Parties' self-differentiation regarding climate finance provision and mobilisation? 35
5.4. Which other Parties might be encouraged to take stock of their national circumstances regarding climate finance? 36
5.5. How to recognise climate finance provision by other Parties? 41
6. Conclusion 42
References 43
Appendix 1. Data used to estimate climate-related finance 48
Appendix 2. Methods used to estimate climate-related finance 51
Appendix 3. Metrics for apportioning responsibility for the climate finance goal, 2022 54
Appendix 4. Multilateral climate finance provision by other Parties, 2022 55
Table ES1. Scorecard of progress towards developed (Annex II) countries' fair share of the $100 billion climate finance goal, 2022 11
Table ES2. Non-Annex II developed countries' contributions to the $100 billion climate finance goal, 2022 12
Table ES3. 30 largest multilateral climate finance providers among non-Annex II countries in absolute terms, 2022 13
Table 1. Scorecard of progress towards developed (Annex II) countries' fair share of the $100 billion climate finance goal, 2022 24
Table 2. Non-Annex II developed countries' contributions to the $100 billion climate finance goal, 2022 26
Table 3. 30 largest multilateral climate finance providers among non-Annex II countries in absolute terms, 2022 34
Figure ES1. Benchmarking non-Annex II countries based on per capita emissions and per capita incomes 15
Figure 1. Benchmarking non-Annex II countries based on per capita emissions and per capita incomes 37
Boxes
Box 1. A proposal for a new category of "non-developed countries" 33
Box 2. How do our results compare to those of other studies? 40
Table A1. Annex II countries' coefficients applied to Rio markers data to compile climate finance data for the UNFCCC 48
Table A2. Apportioning the EU's climate finance contribution 49
Table A3. Apportioning MDB capital outflows 50