Title page
Contents
ABOUT THIS REPORT 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5
INTRODUCTION 7
SECTION 1. BACKGROUND 9
1.1. WHAT IS AI OPENNESS? 9
1.2. A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF OPENNESS BENEFITS AND RISKS 12
1.3. AREAS OF HIGH-LEVEL CONSENSUS THAT PROVIDE A PRODUCTIVE STARTING POINT FOR DISCUSSION 14
SECTION 2. WORKSHOP INSIGHTS 15
2.1. INSIGHTS ON SETTING STANDARDS FOR MODEL RELEASE 15
2.2. INSIGHTS ON MITIGATING RISKS FROM OPENNESS 18
2.3. INSIGHTS ON PURSUING OPENNESS BENEFITS WHEN ACCESS RESTRICTIONS ARE IN PLACE 22
SECTION 3. OPEN QUESTIONS ABOUT OPENNESS 26
3.1. WHAT ARE THE LIMITS OF THE ANALOGY BETWEEN OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE (OSS) AND OPEN-SOURCE AI? 26
3.2. WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF RESTRICTING ACCESS TO HIGHLY-CAPABLE AI MODELS ON COMPETITION AND MARKET CONCENTRATION? 27
3.3. AT WHAT POINTS CAN MORE DEMOCRATIC AI GOVERNANCE PROCESSES PRACTICALLY AND MOST USEFULLY BE IMPLEMENTED? 28
3.4. HOW DO THE RISKS AND BENEFITS OF AI OPENNESS MAP OUT ACROSS A FINE-GRAINED TAXONOMY OF DEGREES OF AI OPENNESS? 29
3.5. BEYOND RISK OF MODEL MISUSE AND VULNERABILITY PROLIFERATION, WHAT ARE 3HE NATIONAL SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF AI OPENNESS? 29
3.6. WHAT GUARDRAILS CAN BE IMPLEMENTED ACROSS THE AI STACK TO REDUCE THE RISK OF AI OPENNESS? 30
3.7. HOW CAN OR SHOULD LIABILITY BE SHARED AND TRANSFERRED BETWEEN MODEL PROVIDERS AND DOWNSTREAM DEVELOPERS/USERS? 30
SECTION 4. MENU OF OPTIONS FOR GOVERNMENT FOR PROMOTING THE BENEFITS OF OPENNESS WHILE MITIGATING RISKS 31
CONCLUSION 40
TABLE 1. COMPONENTS OF OPENNESS TYPICALLY PRIORITISED BY DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS 11
TABLE 2. HIGH-LEVEL SUMMARY OF OPENNESS BENEFITS AND RISKS 12
TABLE 3. KEY PLAYERS AND RISK MITIGATION THROUGHOUT THE AI VALUE CHAIN 20
TABLE 4. POLICY OPTIONS FOR PROMOTING BENEFITS OF AI OPENNESS 31
FIGURE 1. OPENNESS ACROSS THE AI STACK 10