Title page
Contents
Abstract 1
Acknowledgements 3
Acronyms 6
Executive Summary 7
1. Introduction 9
2. Measures to promote greener production and trade 11
2.1. Greening Trade and Production 11
2.1.1. The Concerns 12
2.1.2. Reforms needed 13
2.2. Looking ahead 15
3. Implications for LDCs 16
3.1. Descriptive analysis 17
3.1.1. Exposure and vulnerability to CBAM 18
3.1.2. Exposure and vulnerability to EUDR 20
3.2. Exposure and vulnerability to CSDDD 26
4. Conclusions and recommendations 29
4.1. Stakeholder engagement 29
4.2. Address the distributional issues 30
4.3. Redress Aid for Trade shortfalls 31
4.4. Acknowledge Special and Differential Treatment 32
References 34
Appendix 1. Methodology and product list 37
Table 1. LDCs Absolute Exposure/Vulnerability to CBAM 19
Table 2. Most exposed LDCs 22
Table 3. Most Exposed LDCs to EU CSDDD 28
Figure 1. LDCs Share of Global Trade (goods) 9
Figure 2. LDCs Absolute Exposure to CBAM 18
Figure 3. LDCs Absolute Exposure to the EUDR 21
Figure 4. Share of CSDDD products in LDC exports 27
Boxes
Box 1. Overall LDC exposure to EU measures 17
Box 2. Ethiopia: a case study 24
Table 1. Product list for EU Carbon Boarder Adjustment Mechanism 38
Table 2. Product list for EU Deforestation Regulation 39
Table 3. Product list for EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive 39