Title page
Contents
Abstract 1
I. Introduction 2
II. Background 2
a. CPS ASEC Tax Model 2
b. Tax Estimates and Post-tax Income 3
III. Results 5
IV. Conclusion 14
References 15
Appendix 17
Table 1. Historical post-tax and pretax median income: 2009 to 2023 6
Table 2. Selected measures of historical household post-tax income dispersion: 2009 to 2023 8
Figure 1. Historical post-tax and pretax median income: 2009 to 2023 7
Figure 2. Historical year-to-year percent changes in post-tax income: 2009 to 2023 9
Figure 3. Historical differences in post-tax and pretax income, by income percentile: 2009 to 2023 11
Figure 4. Historical differences in post-tax and pretax income for households with and without children, by income percentile: 2018 to 2023 13
Figure A-1. Timeline of the Census Bureau's use of tax modeling to estimate post-tax income 17