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국회도서관 홈으로 정보검색 소장정보 검색

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Title page 1

Contents 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 8

FOREWORD 9

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 18

A. INTRODUCTION 18

B. DIGITAL OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS IN DEVELOPMENT FINANCE INSTITUTION PORTFOLIOS 24

C. HOW DIGITAL RISKS DIFFER FROM TRADITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISKS 35

CHAPTER II. STATE OF PLAY IN DEVELOPMENT FINANCE INSTITUTION DIGITAL RISK MANAGEMENT 42

A. CURRENT APPROACHES TO MANAGING DIGITAL RISK 42

1. DIGITAL STRATEGIES 43

2. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS ADDRESSING DIGITAL RISKS 48

3. OTHER OPERATIONAL POLICIES THAT ADDRESS DIGITAL RISKS 54

4. SPECIALIZED LEGAL PROVISIONS 56

5. OTHER DIGITAL INITIATIVES, TOOLS AND PUBLICATIONS 57

6. STANDARD-SETTING ACTIVITIES 61

B. ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL PROJECTS IN FOUR SECTORS 62

1. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SECTOR 63

2. FINANCIAL SECTOR 77

3. HEALTH SECTOR 85

4. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES SECTOR 90

C. TRENDS AND CONCLUSIONS 97

CHAPTER III. RECOMMENDATIONS - RESPONDING TO THE ANALYSIS 104

A. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENHANCING THE GOVERNANCE OF DIGITAL RISKS 104

1. BASELINE ASSESSMENT AND STOCKTAKE 104

2. BALANCED DIGITAL STRATEGIES 105

3. CLEARER EVIDENCE AND PREREQUISITES FOR INVESTMENT AND ADVISORY SERVICES 106

4. APPROPRIATE DIGITAL SAFEGUARDS 109

5. APPROPRIATE RISK MANAGEMENT APPROACHES AND TOOLS 114

6. STRENGTHENING TRANSPARENCY 116

7. REIMAGINING STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT 117

8. STRENGTHENING ACCOUNTABILITY 119

9. CULTIVATING EXPERTISE AND SUPPORTING CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT 121

B. CONCLUDING REMARKS 121

ANNEX I. WHAT A DIGITAL SAFEGUARD COULD LOOK LIKE 124

ANNEX II. METHODOLOGY 128

Tables 6

Table 1. Criteria applied to extract project lists and data by DFI 130

Table 2. Key terms used to search for projects in DFI databases 130

Table 3. Search terms most frequently found in digital projects in DFI databases 131

Figures 6

FIGURE I. VALUE OF DIGITAL AND NON-DIGITAL PROJECTS FINANCED, 2019-2023 25

FIGURE II. NUMBER OF DIGITAL PROJECTS APPROVED, 2019-2023 26

FIGURE III. NUMBER OF PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL PROJECTS BY TYPE OF PROJECT FINANCING, 2019-2023 26

FIGURE IV. NUMBER OF DIGITAL PROJECTS BY TYPE OF RECIPIENT, 2019-2023 27

FIGURE V. OVERVIEW OF DFI APPROACHES TO MANAGING DIGITAL RISKS 43

FIGURE VI. DIGITAL PROJECTS BY E&S RISK CLASSIFICATION, 2019-2023 54

Boxes 5

Box 1. Definition and examples of digital risk 29

Box 2. Case study - Is digitalization the best choice? 33

Box 3. DFI digital strategies that recognize digital risks 46

Box 4. Provisions on digital risks in E&S safeguards and supporting materials 50

Box 5. Examples of internal digital risk management processes 55

Box 6. Examples of specialized contractual provisions in private sector contracts 57

Box 7. Examples of digital initiatives and tools 58

Box 8. New tools for assessing and managing digital risks (including human rights risks) 60

Box 9. Examples of digital publications that address human rights risks 60

Box 10. Examples of standard-setting activities 61

Box 11. Examples of types of digital public administration projects 64

Box 12. Examples of digital identification projects 70

Box 13. Example of a biometric data collection project 73

Box 14. Human rights analyses of DFI-funded digital public services 75

Box 15. Examples of digital public services projects 76

Box 16. Overview of DFI approaches to digital financial services 80

Box 17. Addressing fintech risks 81

Box 18. Examples of digital financial services projects 82

Box 19. Examples of digital transformation projects with insufficient consideration of users 85

Box 20. Overview of approaches to digital risks in the digital health sector 87

Box 21. Examples of digital health projects 88

Box 22. Case study - ADB e-health project in Tonga 89

Box 23. Overview of approaches to digital risks in the ICT sector 92

Box 24. Examples of emerging DFI work on AI 93

Box 25. Examples of digital infrastructure projects 94

Box 26. Examples of digital services projects 96

Box 27. Example of a project supporting better AI 97

Box 28. Example of an updated exclusion list 107