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Title page

Contents

Acknowledgements 9

Note on Non-Endorsement and Neutrality 11

Abbreviations 12

Key Terms 14

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 15

1. INTRODUCTION 24

2. ENABLING THE DIGITAL TRANSITION OF EDUCATION SYSTEMS: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 27

2.1. Proposed Conceptual Framework 27

2.2. Deepening Digital Transitions in Education: Shifting to a Systemic Approach 31

2.2.1. Education Leadership and Governance (Strategic Layer) 32

2.2.2. Digital Public Infrastructure, Foundations, and Platforms (Partnerships Layer) 33

2.2.3. Digitally Enabled Education System Architecture (Education ICT and Data Layer) 36

2.2.4. Digitally Enabled Service Delivery (Implementation Layer) 39

2.3. Scaling Up Digital Transitions in Education: Shifting towards Stronger Learning-centered Innovation Ecosystems and Partnerships 45

2.4. Unpacking the Layers: Digital Pathways in Education and Skills Development 48

3. DIGITAL TRANSITIONS CREATE BOTH OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS 52

3.1. Current Evidence Landscape 52

3.2. Diving into the Potential Opportunities 53

3.2.1. Equitable Access to Quality Learning for All 53

3.2.2. Better Learning Outcomes and More Holistic Learning Opportunities 57

3.2.3. Increased Effectiveness of Teachers and Teaching methods 59

3.2.4. Cost-efficiency and Cost-effectiveness of Investments 61

3.2.5. Quality and Relevance of Education at Scale 62

3.2.6. System Strengthening and Resilience 63

3.3. Understanding Potential Risks and Possible Mitigation Strategies 64

3.3.1. Digital Risks 64

3.3.2. Risk Mitigation Initiatives 68

3.4. Shaping the Future of Evidence 69

4. CONTEXTUAL CONDITIONS FOR UNLOCKING THE POWER OF DIGITAL IN EDUCATION SYSTEMS 74

4.1. Digital Readiness of the Education System: The Five Pillars 74

4.1.1. Strategic Leadership and Governance 74

4.1.2. Data and Technology Infrastructure and Management 76

4.1.3. Digitally Enabled Education Service Delivery and School Digital Maturity 76

4.1.4. Education Workforce Capacity and Culture 77

4.1.5. EdTech Market and Business Models 78

4.2. Digital Readiness Assessment Frameworks, Methods, and Tools 78

5. TAILORING DIGITAL PATHWAYS 82

5.1. Trade-offs and Issues to Consider in the Design and Implementation of Digital Pathways 83

5.2. Common Pitfalls in Shaping Digital Transitions 85

5.3. Effective Practices for Digital Transitions in Education 87

6. CONCLUSION 89

REFERENCES 90

Annex 1. GLOSSARY 117

Annex 2. SAMPLE GPT-4 OUTPUT 120

Table ES1. Tailoring Digital Pathways: Effective Practices and Common Pitfalls 23

Table 1. Digital Readiness Assessment of the Education System 80

Figure ES1. Policy actions to realize an equitable future of learning 16

Figure ES2. Recognize and Support the Changing Role of Teachers 16

Figure ES3. Potential Digital Pathways for Equitable, Relevant and Resilient Education Systems 17

Figure ES4. Embrace Mindset Shifts in Digital Transitions in Education and Skills Development 18

Figure ES5. Enabling Architecture for the Digital Transition of Education Systems 19

Figure ES6. Principles of Digital Development 20

Figure 1. Key Shifts Required in Digital Transitions in Education and Skills Development 25

Figure 2. Depth and Scale of Digital Transitions in Education and Skills Development 28

Figure 3. Digital Pathways in Education and Skills Development - A Conceptual Framework 31

Figure 4. Unpacking the Strategic Layer 32

Figure 5. Unpacking the Partnerships Layer 33

Figure 6. Unpacking the Education ICT and Data Layer 36

Figure 7. Types of Digitally Enabled Education Service Delivery 39

Figure 8. Array of Applications in Digitally Enabled Service Delivery 40

Figure 9. Unpacking the Layers: Digital Pathways in Education and Skills Development 49

Figure 10. Education platformization poses important risks for learners 65

Figure 11. Technology and learning contexts interact with the characteristics of the learner 70

Figure 12. Understanding the ESSA tiers of evidence in education 71

Figure 13. EdTech Tulna Framework 71

Figure 14. Evaluating educational programs leveraging EdTech 73

Figure 15. Assessment frameworks and tools for diagnosing education needs and related digital readiness 79

Figure 16. Illustrative Map of Education Ecosystem Stakeholders 81

Figure 17. Example of an agile delivery approach 87

Boxes

Box 1. The Case for Techno-realism: A Long History 32

Box 2. Classification of Technology based on the Nature of Cost Savings 34

Box 3. Enterprise Architecture in Estonia 35

Box 4. Data Storage and Management in Education in Estonia 37

Box 5. Data Collection, Analysis, and Dissemination for the Improvement of Learning (RIMA) (Guanajuato District in Mexico) 38

Box 6. Changing Role of Teachers: From Provider to Facilitator to Cultivator and Coach 42

Box 7. Supporting Teachers to Strengthen Their Pedagogical and Administrative Practice in the UK 42

Box 8. Applying Early Warning Mechanisms to Reduce Early School Leaving in Romania 44

Box 9. TUMO Armenia and TUMO Global 46

Box 10. Building the EdTech Ecosystem for Technological Innovations in Education in Turkiye 47

Box 11. Role of Education and Skills to better manage the Digital-Climate Nexus 50

Box 12. Ukraine's expansion of digitally enabled education in the midst of war 54

Box 13. University of the People (on HE), also covered under the Yidan Prize 2023 for Shai Reshef on Education Development: very relevant for refugee contexts 56

Box 14. Use of ICAP Learning Framework in STEM Education 58

Box 15. The evolution of the digital divide 65

Box 16. Persuasive design or Deceptive design 66

Box 17. Critical considerations for using AI in education 68

Box 18. EU's New Landmark AI Law 75

Box 19. EdTech Tulna - Navigating the Complex EdTech landscape (India) 77

Box 20. Possible issues and trade-offs to consider for policy decision-making 83

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