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Title page 1

Contents 4

About the Authors 5

Acronyms and Abbreviations 5

Executive Summary 6

Introduction 6

Data Governance: Taking Stock of Current Practices 7

Data Governance for Military Applications: Key Issues and Lessons from the Civilian Space 11

Key Legal, Policy and Ethical Implications of Dual-Use Nature of Data 15

Possible Policy and Governance Approaches to Data Practices Surrounding Military AI 19

Conclusion 23

Works Cited 24

Tables 12

Table 1. Comparison of Canadian, Dutch, UK and US Data in Military Strategies 12

Boxes 9

Box 1. Data Practices 9

초록보기

Data plays a critical role in the training, testing and use of artificial intelligence (AI), including in the military domain. Research and development for AI-enabled military solutions is proceeding at breakneck speed, and the important role data plays in shaping these technologies has implications and, at times, raises concerns. These issues are increasingly subject to scrutiny and range from difficulty in finding or creating training and testing data relevant to the military domain, to (harmful) biases in training data sets, as well as their susceptibility to cyberattacks and interference (for example, data poisoning). Yet pathways and governance solutions to address these issues remain scarce and very much underexplored.

This paper aims to fill this gap by first providing a comprehensive overview on data issues surrounding the development, deployment and use of AI. It then explores data governance practices from civilian applications to identify lessons for military applications, as well as highlight any limitations to such an approach.

The paper concludes with an overview of possible policy and governance approaches to data practices surrounding military AI to foster the responsible development, testing, deployment and use of AI in the military domain.

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