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Title page 1
Contents 2
KEY TAKEAWAYS 1
INTRODUCTION 3
MERCANTILIST COUNTRY ANALYSIS 5
China 5
India 6
The European Union 7
INDICATOR ANALYSIS 10
Trade Balance in Goods and Information Services 10
Trade Restrictions 11
Simple Mean Tariff Rate for All Products 11
Non-Tariff Trade Barriers 12
Services Trade Restrictiveness Index 13
Taxes and Regulations 14
Digital Markets Act 14
Digital Services Tax 15
Presence of Digital Economy Fines on U.S. Companies 16
Extent of Pharmaceutical Price Controls 17
Antitrust Fines 18
Intellectual Property 19
USTR Special 301 Watch List 19
International IP Index 20
POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 21
CONCLUSION 23
APPENDIX 1: METHODOLOGY 24
APPENDIX 2: DETAILED INDICATOR VALUES AND SCORES FOR ALL COUNTRIES 25
ENDNOTES 38
Figures 4
Figure 1. Overall scores of the worst- and best-performing nations in ITIF's Trade Imbalance Index 4
Figure 2. U.S. trade deficit with the EU 8
Figure 3. EU trade balance with the United States in goods industries, 2023 9
Figure 4. Trade balance of goods and IT services (2023) and weighted standardized scores (weight = 3.5) 10
Figure 5. Simple mean tariff rates for all products (raw values and weighted standardized scores; weight = 1) 11
Figure 6. NTBs (raw values and weighted standardized scores; weight = 1) 12
Figure 7. Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (raw values and weighted standardized scores; weight = 1) 13
Figure 8. DMA or similar law (status and weighted standardized scores; weight = 1) 14
Figure 9. DST (status and weighted standardized scores; weight = 1) 15
Figure 10. Presence of digital economy fines on U.S.-based companies (status and weighted standardized scores; weight = 1) 16
Figure 11. Extent of pharmaceutical price controls (status and weighted standardized scores; weight = 1) 17
Figure 12. Presence of antitrust fines (status and weighted standardized scores; weight = 1) 18
Figure 13. 2024 USTR special 301 watch list (status and weighted standardized scores; weight = 0.75) 19
Figure 14. U.S. Chamber of Commerce's International IP Index (raw values and weighted standardized scores; weight = 0.75) 20
Figure 15. Overall scores in ITIF's Trade Imbalance Index 25
Figure 16. Trade balance of goods and IT services (2023) and weighted standardized scores (weight = 3.5) 26
Figure 17. Simple mean tariff rates for all products (raw values and weighted standardized scores; weight = 1) 27
Figure 18. NTBs (raw values and weighted standardized scores; weight = 1) 28
Figure 19. Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (raw values and weighted standardized scores; weight = 1) 29
Figure 20. DMA or similar law (status and weighted standardized scores; weight = 1) 30
Figure 21. DST (status and weighted standardized scores; weight = 1) 31
Figure 22. Presence of digital economy fines on U.S.-based companies (status and weighted standardized scores; weight = 1) 32
Figure 23. Extent of pharmaceutical price controls (status and weighted standardized scores; weight = 1) 33
Figure 24. Presence of antitrust fines (status and weighted standardized scores; weight = 1) 34
Figure 25. 2024 USTR special 301 watch list (status and weighted standardized scores; weight = 0.75) 35
Figure 26. U.S. Chamber of Commerce's International IP Index (raw values and weighted standardized scores; weight = 0.75) 36
Appendix Tables 24
Table 1. Indicator weights in ITIF's Trade Imbalance Index 24
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