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Title page 1

Contents 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2

1. INTRODUCTION 6

2. MAPPING THE WORLD OF QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 8

2.1. The Global Quantum Collaborations Ecosystem 8

2.2. The Quantum Ecosystem: Archetypes 12

2.3. When Industry Joins: A Predictor of Quantum Innovation 15

2.4. Network Roles: Centrality and Brokerage 17

3. INDUSTRY, RESEARCH, AND GOVERNMENT: THE INSTITUTIONAL FABRIC OF QUANTUM COLLABORATION 19

3.1. The Architecture of the Quantum Ecosystem 19

3.2. Top Performing Institutions in Quantum Collaborations 22

3.3. Bridging Academia and Industry: The Role of Spinouts 27

4. WHERE COUNTRIES EXCEL: SPECIALISATION PATTERNS IN THE QUANTUM ECOSYSTEM 33

4.1. Bilateral Comparative Advantage 33

4.2. Collaboration by Type: An Overview of Capability Structures 35

4.3. Quantum Specialisation Across Sectors 40

ANNEX 1. ECIPE QUANTUM DATABASE METHODOLOGY 43

ANNEX 2. NETWORK ANALYSIS AND REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE METHODOLOGY 45

Tables 14

TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF QUANTUM COLLABORATION ARCHETYPES 14

TABLE 2. TOP 15 PERFORMERS IN QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY COLLABORATIONS, BY DOMAIN 26

TABLE 3. TOP 15 WORLD INSTITUTIONS BY TOTAL FUNDING RAISED BY THEIR QUANTUM SPINOUTS, WITH THEIR COLLABORATION LEVELS 32

TABLE 4. COUNTRIES MOST SPECIALISED IN GOVERNMENT-TO-RESEARCH COLLABORATION 36

TABLE 5. COUNTRIES MOST SPECIALISED IN INDUSTRY-TO-RESEARCH COLLABORATION 37

TABLE 6. COUNTRIES MOST SPECIALISED IN INDUSTRY-TO-INDUSTRY COLLABORATION 38

TABLE 7. RCA IN SELECTED QUANTUM-RELEVANT SECTORS 41

Figures 9

FIGURE 1. GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY 9

FIGURE 2. TOP 20 COUNTRIES BY NUMBER OF QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY ACTORS (LEFT PANEL) AND COLLABORATIONS (RIGHT PANEL), BY DOMAIN AND TYPE, 2024 10

FIGURE 3. QUANTUM COLLABORATION ARCHETYPES: INTERNATIONAL OPENNESS AND COMMERCIAL ORIENTATION 12

FIGURE 4. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDUSTRY-INVOLVING QUANTUM COLLABORATIONS AND QUANTUM PRIVATE SECTOR FUNDING AS A SHARE OF GDP 17

FIGURE 5. QUANTUM COLLABORATION NETWORK (≥ 30 COLLABORATIONS) 18

FIGURE 6. DISTRIBUTION OF QUANTUM COLLABORATIONS BY TYPE OF PARTNERSHIP (PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL) 21

FIGURE 7. SHARE OF QUANTUM COLLABORATIONS INVOLVING INDUSTRY PARTNERS BY COUNTRY (PERCENTAGE OF COUNTRY TOTAL) 22

FIGURE 8. NUMBER AND FUNDING VOLUME OF QUANTUM STARTUPS BY ORIGIN 30

FIGURE 9. SELECTED BILATERAL RCA RELATIONSHIPS 34

Boxes 23

BOX 1. IBM, NTT, ORIGIN QUANTUM, AND THE IMPORTANCE OF CORPORATE-DRIVEN INDUSTRY ALLIANCES IN FOSTERING QUANTUM COLLABORATION 23

BOX 2. QUANTUM SPINOUTS GOING GLOBAL 28

BOX 3. UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL AND AALTO UNIVERSITY, EUROPE'S ACADEMIC SUPERSTARS OF QUANTUM COMMERCIALISATION 31

BOX 4. MAPPING THE ADVANCEMENTS IN COUNTRIES MOST SPECIALISED IN INDUSTRY TO-INDUSTRY COLLABORATION 39

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