Title Page

Contents

Abstract 10

I. Introduction 12

II. Literature Review 22

A. Women's Health in Developing Countries 24

1. Role of Women's Health in Developing Countries 24

2. Linkage between Health and Other Sectoral Development 30

B. Evolution of the Aid Effectiveness Debate 37

1. Aid Effectiveness: Aid on Growth and Poverty Reduction 37

2. Aid Effectiveness: The Role of Good Policies and Institution 43

3. Aid Effectiveness: Sectoral Analysis 51

4. Aid Effectiveness: Women's Empowerment and Gender Equality 63

C. Implications from the Literature Review 73

III. Research Design 78

A. Model Specification 78

B. Methodology 79

C. Description of Variables 86

1. Dependent Variables 86

2. Aid Variables 89

3. Other Variables 92

IV. Analysis of Total and Sectoral Aid with Focus on Women 99

A. Women's Health Status in Developing Countries 100

B. Development Assistance on Health 107

C. Analysis of Sectoral Aid by their Linkage to Women's Empowerment and Gender Equality 119

1. Health Aid for Women's Empowerment and Gender Equality 119

2. Aid for Education and WASH for Women's Empowerment and Gender Equality 127

V. Empirical Analysis of Aid Effectiveness on Health in Developing Countries 135

A. Effectiveness of Aid on the Health Indicators of All Population 135

1. Aid Effectiveness in All Developing Countries 135

2. Aid Effectiveness in Sub-Saharan African Countries 152

B. Aid Effectiveness on Women's Health in Developing Countries 161

1. Aid Effectiveness on Women's Health in All Developing Countries 161

2. Aid Effectiveness on Women's Health in Sub-Saharan African Countries 174

C. Summary and Analysis of the Results 180

VI. Conclusion 183

References 193

초록 212

Table 1. List and Source of Variables 96

Table 2. Summary of Statistics 98

Table 3. Official Development Assistance for Health by sub-sectors 112

Table 4. Impact of Various Types of Aid on Child Mortality, Life Expectancy and Prevalence of HIV 138

Table 5. Impact of Various Types of Aid on Child Mortality, Life Expectancy and Prevalence of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa 154

Table 6. Impact of Various Types of Aid on Maternal Mortality, Female Life Expectancy and Prevalence of HIV in Female in... 164

Table 7. Impact of Various Types of Aid on Maternal Mortality, Female Life Expectancy and Prevalence of HIV in Female in... 175

Figure 1. Structure of the Literature Review 24

Figure 2. Maternal Mortality Ratio (per 100,000 Live Births) (1990-2015) 101

Figure 3. Trends in Adolescent Fertility Rate by Region (per 1,000 Women)... 102

Figure 4. Prevalence of HIV by Sex in sub-Saharan Africa (% ages 15-24) (1990-... 104

Figure 5. Total Aid to Developing Countries by Sectors (1971-2014) 110

Figure 6. Aid for Health and Population and Reproductive Healthcare by Region... 114

Figure 7. Share of Total Health Aid by Donors (1995-2014) 117

Figure 8. Amount of Health Aid Targeting Gender Equality (1995-2014) 122

Figure 9. Share of Population and Reproductive ODA that Concerns Women... 124

Figure 10. Share of Sectoral Aid out of Total Bilateral Aid (%) (1971-2014) 128

Figure 11. Amount of Education Aid Targeting Gender Equality (1995-2014) 130

Figure 12. Amount of WASH Aid Targeting Gender Equality (1995-2014) 133