Fig. 1-1. Changes of average annual temperature and moisture in Gangneung. 40

Fig. 1-2. Changes of average temperature of January in Gangneung. 41

Fig. 1-3. Changes of average temperature of February in Gangneung. 41

Fig. 1-4. Changes of average temperature of September in Gangneung. 42

Fig. 1-5. Changes of average temperature of December in Gangneung. 42

Fig. 1-6. Changes of average annual moisture in Gangneung. 43

Fig. 1-7. Changes of average moisture of December in Gangneung. 43

Fig. 1-8. Changes of average annual temperature and moisture in Daegwanryeong. 44

Fig. 1-9. Changes of average temperature of March in Daegwanryeong. 44

Fig. 1-10. Changes of average temperature of December in Daegwanryeong. 45

Fig. 1-11. Changes of average annual moisture in Daegwanryeong. 45

Fig. 1-12. Changes of average annual temperature and moisture in Sokcho. 46

Fig. 1-13. Changes of average temperature of February in Sokcho. 46

Fig. 1-14. Changes of average temperature on November in Sokcho. 47

Fig. 1-15. Changes of average annual moisture in Sokcho. 47

Fig. 1-16. Changes of average annual temperature and moisture in Injae. 48

Fig. 1-17. Changes of average temperature of March in Injae. 48

Fig. 1-18. Changes of average moisture of March in Injae. 49

Fig. 1-19. Changes of minimum temperature of April in Injae. 49

Fig. 1-20. Changes of average annual temperature and moisture in Seoul. 50

Fig. 1-21. Changes of average temperature of January in Seoul. 50

Fig. 1-22. Changes of average annual temperature and moisture in Jecheon. 51

Fig. 1-23. Changes of minimum temperature of April in Jecheon. 51

Fig. 1-24. Changes of average annual temperature and moisture in Chungju. 52

Fig. 1-25. Changes of average temperature of January in Chungju. 52

Fig. 1-26. Changes of average temperature of November in Chungju. 53

Fig. 1-27. Changes of average annual temperature and moisture in Mungyeong. 53

Fig. 1-28. Changes of average temperature of June in Mungyeong. 54

Fig. 1-29. Changes of average temperature of December in Mungyeong. 54

Fig. 1-30. Changes of average annual temperature and moisture in Namwon. 55

Fig. 1-31. Changes of maximum temperature of June in Namwon. 55

Fig. 1-32. Changes of average temperature of December in Namwon. 56

Fig. 1-33. Changes of average annual temperature and moisture in Sancheong. 56

Fig. 1-34. Changes of average temperature of June in Sancheong. 57

Fig. 1-35. Changes of average annual moisture in Sancheong. 57

Fig. 1-36. Changes of average annual temperature and moisture in Seoul 58

Fig. 1-37. Changes of average annual temperature and moisture in Yangpyeong. 58

Fig. 1-38. Changes of average temperature of January in Yangpyeong. 59

Fig. 1-39. Changes of minimum temperature of April in Yangpyeong 59

Fig. 1-40. Changes of average annual temperature and moisture in Youngju. 60

Fig. 1-41. Changes of average temperature of January in Youngju. 60

Fig. 1-42. Changes of average temperature of September in Youngju. 61

Fig. 1-43. Changes of average annual temperature and moisture in Taegu. 61

Fig. 1-44. Changes of average temperature of January in Taegu. 62

Fig. 1-45. Changes of average annual temperature and moisture in Pusan. 62

Fig. 1-46. Changes of average annual temperature and moisture in Hapcheon. 63

Fig. 1-47. Changes of average temperature of December in Hapcheon. 63

Fig. 1-48. Changes of average annual temperature and moisture in Mokpo. 64

Fig. 1-49. Changes of average annual temperature of January in Mokpo. 64

Fig. 1-50. Thirty-four countries in ILTER network. 66

Fig. 1-51. Picture taken at Namibia Gobabeb Training and Research Center (August 15, 2006) 70

Fig. 1-52. Plant sampling for biomass estimation ib grassland. 73

Fig. 1-53. American bison. 73

Fig. 1-54. Grassland wildfire. 74

Fig. 1-55. Adelie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) make their home on the Antarctic Penninsula. 75

Fig. 1-56. This graph illustrates the correlation between the number of breeding pairs of penguins over time... 75

Fig. 1-57. Local students learn how to study plant population dynamics at the jornada basin LTER site. 76

Fig. 1-58. Litter bags placed on the ground at the sevilleta LTer site (above) and the bonanza creek LTER site... 77

Fig. 1-59. Litter bags placed on the ground at the bonanza creek LTER. 77

Fig. 1-60. Scientists from the Coweeta LTER collect water samples to determine the amount of inorganic matter in a stream in North Carolina. 78

Fig. 1-61. To study the movement and absorption of nitrogen in stream ecosystems, researchers release a measurable form of nitrogen from containers like the one shown in... 78

Fig. 1-62. Human and livestock waste releases nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients in the ecosystem in amounts many times greater than normal... 78

Fig. 1-63. This study is conducted at 10 stream sites across the U.S. 78

Fig. 1-64. A scientists measures moisture of the downed branches of fuel" before starting the fire. studying how the fuel relates to the intensity of the fire and the... 80

Fig. 1-65. A prescribed (or human-initiated) burn is started after fuel moisture and fuel loads are measured. fires are a natural disturbance and are necessary for maintaining the health... 80

Fig. 1-66. After the prescribed burn, the site looks desolate and lifeless. 80

Fig. 1-67. A tool called a 'duff pin' is inserted into the ground to study how deeply the soil was affected by the fire 80

Fig. 1-68. Two years after the prescribed burn, the plant regrowth is green and vigorous. the nutrients released and increased light availability will benefit... 80

Fig. 1-69. In another controlled burn project at coweeta LTER, scientists are trying to reconstruct he fire regime as it was while Cherokee Indians lived here... 80

Fig. 1-70. Fundamental structure of web GIS-DB server. 85

Fig. 1-71. System structure of web GIS-DB. 85

Fig. 1-72. Main screen of web GIS-DB. 86

Fig. 1-73. Geographical information map of study area (Namsan) 87

Fig. 1-74. Community distribution by permanent quadrat... 87

Fig. 1-75. Analyzing graphs using diverse formula and functions. 88

Fig. 1-76. Graph samples of LTER by Jpgraph. 89

Fig. 1-77. Improved image gallery. 90

Fig. 1-78. Image after click of thumbnail. 90

Fig. 1-79. DB management screen using SQLog. 90

Fig. 1-80. Table and information at access. 91

Fig. 1-81. Homepage 91

Fig. 1-82. Notes and notice board. 91

Fig. 1-83. Material screen 92

Fig. 1-84. Noticed material. 92

Fig. 2-1. A map showing vegetation and land use of Mt. Nam. Dots with numbers indicate the locations that permanent quadrats for long term ecological research were installed. 1 and 4, 2, and 3 and 5 indicate permanent quadrats for pine forest, oak forest, and black locust plantation, respectively. 94

Fig. 2-2. A map showing permanent quadrats on Mt. Wolak. Dots indicate the locations the permanent quadrats for long term ecological research were installed. 95

Fig. 2-3. A map showing permanent quadrats on Mt. Jiri. Dots indicate the locations that permanent quadrats for long term ecologicl al research were installed. 97

Fig. 2-4. A map showing permanent quadrats on Mt. Jumbong. Squares indicate the locations that permanent quadrats for long term ecological research were installed. 98

Fig. 2-5. Permanent quadrats installed on Mt. Nam ; a) Quercus mongolica forest b) Pinus densiflora forest c) Robinia pseudoacacia plantation. 102

Fig. 2-6. Small quadrat numbers in 1ha permanent quadrat of Q. mongolica forest on Mt. Wolak. 103

Fig. 2-7. Small quadrat (20m x 20m) numbers in 1ha permanent quadrat of Q. mongolica and P. densiflora forest on Mt. Jumbong. 104

Fig. 2-8. Small quadrat (10m x 10m) numbers in 1ha permanent quadrat of Q. mongolica and P. densiflora forest on Mt. Jumbong. 105

Fig. 2-9. Small quadrat numbers in four permanent quadrat of Abies holophylla-Q mongolica on Mt. Jumbong. 106

Fig. 2-10. Spatial distribution of major tree species in the Q. mongolica forest permanent plots installed in Mt. Nam. 111

Fig. 2-11-1. Spatial distribution of major tree species in the 1st plot of P. densiflora forest permanent plots installed in Mt. Nam. 112

Fig. 2-11-2. Spatial distribution of major tree species in the 2nd plot of P. densiflora forest permanent plots installed in Mt. Nam. 112

Fig. 2-12. Spatial distribution of major tree species in the R. pseudoacacia forest permanent plots installed in Mt. Nam. 113

Fig. 2-13-1. Spatial distribution of major tree species in the Q. mongolica, P. densiflora and Q. variabilis forests permanent plots installed in Mt. Wolak (2004). 114

Fig. 2-13-2. Spatial distribution of major tree species in the Q. mongolica forest permanent plots installed in Mt. Wolak(2005). 115

Fig. 2-13-3. Spatial distribution of major tree species in the Q. mongolica, P. densiflora and Q. variabilis forests permanent plots installed in Mt. Wolak (2006년). 116

Fig. 2-14. Spatial distribution of major tree species in the Q. mongolica forest permanent plot installed in Mt. Jiri. 117

Fig. 2-15. Spatial distribution of major tree species in the P. densiflora forest permanent plot installed in Mt. Jiri. 118

Fig. 2-16. Spatial distribution of major tree species in the Abies koreana forest permanent plot installed in Mt. Jiri. 118

Fig. 2-17. Spatial distribution of major tree species in the 2nd plot of Q. mongolica forest permanent plot installed in Mt. Jiri. 119

Fig. 2-18. Spatial distribution of major tree species in the Q. mongolica forest permanent plots installed in Mt. Jumbong. 120

Fig. 2-19.　A diameter class and spatial distribution of major tree species in the Q. mongolica forest permanent plots installed in Mt. Jumbong. 121

Fig. 2-20. Spatial distribution of major tree species in the Q. mongolica - A. holophylla forest permanent plots installed in Mt. Jumbong. 122

Fig. 2-21. Spatial distribution and diameter classes of major tree species in permanent plot of Q. mongolica forest installed in Mt. Jumbong (circles with different size indicate 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90cm class, respectively). 123

Fig. 2-22. Ordination of the Mongolian oak stands based on vegetation data collected in four areas designated for LTER. 124

Fig. 2-23. The number of plant species appeared in permanent quadrats installed in three forest types on Mt. Wolak. 127

Fig. 2-24. A diameter class distribution diagram of major woody plants appeared in the Q. mongolica forest in Mt. Nam. 134

Fig. 2-25. A diameter class distribution diagram of major woody plants appeared in the Q. mongolica forest in Mt. Wolak. 135

Fig. 2-26-1. A diameter class distribution diagram of major woody plants appeared in the 1st plot of Q. mongolica forest in Mt. Jiri. 136

Fig. 2-26-2. A diameter class distribution diagram of major woody plants appeared in the 2nd plot of Q. mongolica forest in Mt. Jiri. 136

Fig. 2-27. A diameter class distribution diagram of major woody plants appeared in the Q. mongolica forest in Mt. Jumbong. 137

Fig. 2-28. A diameter class distribution diagram of major woody plants appeared in the P. densiflora forest in Mt. Nam. 138

Fig. 2-29. A diameter class distribution diagram of major woody plants appeared in the P. densiflora forest in Mt. Wolak. 139

Fig. 2-30. A diameter class distribution diagram of major woody plants appeared in the P. densiflora forest in Mt. Jiri. 140

Fig. 2-31. A diameter class distribution diagram of major woody plants appeared in the P. densiflora forest in Mt. Jumbong. 141

Fig. 2-32. A diameter class distribution diagram of major woody plants appeared in the R. pseudoacacia forest in Mt. Nam. 142

Fig. 2-33. A diameter class distribution diagram of major woody plants appeared in the Q. variabillis forest in Mt. Wolak. 143

Fig. 2-34. A diameter class distribution diagram of major woody plants appeared in the A. koreana forest in Mt. Jiri. 144

Fig. 2-35. A diameter class distribution diagram of major woody plants appeared in the Q. mongolica-A. holophylla forest in Mt. Jumbong. 145

Fig. 2-36. Frequency distribution diagrams of stem vitality of woody plants appeared in Q. mongolical, P. densiflora and R. pseudoacacia forests in Mt. Nam. 146

Fig. 2-37. Frequency distribution diagrams of stem vitality of woody plants appeared in Q. mongolica forest in Mt. Wolak. 147

Fig. 2-38. Frequency distribution diagrams of stem vitality of woody plants appeared in P. densiflora forest in Mt. Wolak. 148

Fig. 2-39. Frequency distribution diagrams of stem vitality of woody plants appeared in Q. variabilis forest in Mt. Wolak. 148

Fig. 2-40. Frequency distribution diagrams of stem vitality of woody plants appeared in Q. mongolica forest in Mt. Jumbong. 149

Fig. 2-41. Frequency distribution diagrams of stem vitality of woody plants appeared in P. densiflora forest in Mt. Jumbong. 150

Fig. 2-42. Frequency distribution diagrams of stem vitality of woody plants appeared in Q. mongolica-A. holophylla forest in Mt. Jumbong. 150

Fig. 2-43. A comparison of species sequence, dominance curves among Q. mongolica forest of four study areas designated for LTER in korea. 151

Fig. 2-44. Nutrient cycling of ecosystem (Alber and Melilio, 2001). 153

Fig. 2-45. Litter trap established in A. holophylla (May, 2006) 157

Fig. 2-46. Litter bag established in the forest floor (Nov. 2006) 158

Fig. 2-47. Correlation between inorganic nitrogen and nutrient in soil. 161

Fig. 2-48. Changes of pH along with forest type. 162

Fig. 2-49. Changes of organic matter content along with forest type. 162

Fig. 2-50. Changes of organic matter content along with forest type. 163

Fig. 2-51. Changes of ammonium along with forest type. 163

Fig. 2-52. Changes of total nitrogen along with forest type. 164

Fig. 2-53. Total phosphorus content of soil with forest type in Mt. Jumgbong. 164

Fig. 2-54. Cation (K+. Ca2+) content of soil with forest type in Mt. Jumgbong. 165

Fig. 2-55. Litter production in A. holophylla and P. densiflora. 165

Fig. 2-56. Changes of standing dead bole mass. 166

Fig. 2-57. Annual amount of input and decomposition of dead bole in Q. mongolica stand. 167

Fig. 2-58. Changes of dead bole mass along with decomposition class in Q. mongolica stand. 167

Fig. 2-59. Ratio of dead bole types in the three forest stands. 168

Fig. 2-60. Monthly changes of litter production of Q. mongolica community in Mt. Nam. 170

Fig. 2-61. Monthly changes of litter production of P. densiflora community in Mt. Nam. 171

Fig. 2-62. Monthly changes of litter production of R. pseudo-acacia community in Mt. Nam. 171

Fig. 2-63. Composition rate of litter of Q. mongolica community in Mt. Nam in 2006. 172

Fig. 2-64. Composition rate of litter of P. densiflora community in Mt. Nam in 2006. 172

Fig. 2-65. Composition rate of litter of R. pseudo-acacia community in Mt. Nam in 2006. 172

Fig. 2-66. Decomposition rate of litter in Mt. Nam. 178

Fig. 2-67. pH of precipitation, stemflow and throughfall in P. densiflora community in Mt Nam. 179

Fig. 2-68. Nutrient input through precipitation, stemflow and throughfall in P. densiflora community in Mt.Nam. 179

Fig. 2-69. Litter production of Q. mongolica community. 181

Fig. 2-70. Litter production of Q. variabilis community. 181

Fig. 2-71. Litter production of P. densiflora community. 182

Fig. 2-72. Changes of total nitrogen content of litter of Q. mongolica community. 182

Fig. 2-73. Changes of total nitrogen content of litter of Q. vaiabilis community. 183

Fig. 2-74. Changes of total nitrogen content of litter of P. densiflora community. 183

Fig. 2-75. Changes of total phosphorus content of litter of Q. mongolica community. 184

Fig. 2-76. Changes of total phosphorus content of litter of Q. vaiabilis community. 184

Fig. 2-77. Changes of total phosphorus content of litter of P. densiflora community. 185

Fig. 2-78. Changes of potassium content of litter of Q. mongolica community. 185

Fig. 2-79. Changes of total potassium content of litter of Q. vaiabilis community. 186

Fig. 2-80. Changes of total potassium content of litter of P. densiflora community. 186

Fig. 2-81. Changes of calcium content of litter of Q. mongolica community. 187

Fig. 2-82. Changes of total calcium content of litter of Q. vaiabilis community. 187

Fig. 2-83. Changes of total calcium content of litter of P. densiflora community. 188

Fig. 2-84. Changes of magnesium content of litter of Q. mongolica community. 188

Fig. 2-85. Changes of total magnesium content of litter of Q. vaiabilis community. 189

Fig. 2-86. Changes of total magnesium content of litter of P. densiflora community. 189

Fig. 2-87. Total nitrogen input through litter production in Q mongolica community 190

Fig. 2-88. Total nitrogen input through litter production in Q. vaiabilis community. 191

Fig. 2-89. Tatal nitrogen input through litter production in P. densiflora community. 191

Fig. 2-90. Total phosphorus input through litter production in Q. mongolica community. 192

Fig. 2-91. Total phosphorus input through litter production in Q. vaiabilis community. 192

Fig. 2-92. Total phosphorus input through litter production in P. densiflora community. 193

Fig. 2-93. Potassium input through litter production in Q. mongolica community. 193

Fig. 2-94. Potassium input through litter production in Q. vaiabilis community. 194

Fig. 2-95. Potassium input through litter production in P. densiflora community. 194

Fig. 2-96. Calcium input through litter production in Q. mongolica community. 195

Fig. 2-97. Calcium input through litter production in Q. vaiabilis community. 195

Fig. 2-98. Calcium input through litter production in P. densiflora community. 196

Fig. 2-99. Magnesium input through litter production in Q. mongolica community. 196

Fig. 2-100. Magnesium input through litter production in Q. vaiabilis community. 197

Fig. 2-101. Magnesium input through litter production in P. densiflora community. 197

Fig. 2-102. Litter decomposition rate in Mt. Wolak. 199

Fig. 2-103. Changes of soil organic matter content along with the community. 200

Fig. 2-104. Changes of soil pH along with the community. 201

Fig. 2-105. Changes of soil ammonium content along with the community. 201

Fig. 2-106. Changes of soil nitrate content along with the community. 202

Fig. 2-107. Changes of soil Total nitrogen content along with the community. 202

Fig. 2-108. Changes of soil total phosphorus content along with the community. 203

Fig. 2-109. Changes of soil potassium content along with the community. 203

Fig. 2-110. Changes of soil calcium content along with the community. 204

Fig. 2-111. Changes of soil magnesium content along with the community. 204

Fig. 2-112. Monthly changes of soil pH in forest community. 212

Fig. 2-113. Changes of pH along with soil depth(Sept. 2006). 213

Fig. 2-114. Monthly changes of soil organic matter content. 213

Fig. 2-115. Changes of organic matter content(%) along with soil depth(Sept. 2006). 214

Fig. 2-116. Monthly changes of total nitrogen content(%) of soil. 214

Fig. 2-117. Monthly changes of total nitrogen content(%) along with soil depth(Sept. 2006). 215

Fig. 2-118. Monthly changes of inorganic content. 215

Fig. 2-119. Monthly changes of inorganic nitrogen content(mg/kg) along with soil depth(Sept. 2006). 216

Fig. 2-120. Monthly changes of total phosphorus content(mg/kg) along with soil depth. 216

Fig. 2-121. Changes of total phosphorus content(mg/kg) along with soil depth(Sept. 2006). 217

Fig. 2-122. Monthly changes of cation ions content. 218

Fig. 2-123. Changes of cation content(mg/kg) along with soil depth(Sept. 2006). 219

Fig. 2-124. Monthly changes of litter production. 220

Fig. 2-125. Monthly changes of total nitrogen in litter. 221

Fig. 2-126. Monthly changes of total phosphorus in litter. 221

Fig. 2-127. Monthly changes of cation content(mg/kg) in litter. 222

Fig. 2-128. Monthly changes of water content(%) and remaining ratio. 222

Fig. 2-129. Monthly changes of total-nitrogen in litter. 223

Fig. 2-130. Monthly changes of total-phosphorus in litter. 223

Fig. 2-131. Monthly changes of cation content(mg/kg) in litter. 224

Fig. 2-132. Annual changes of variation breath between daily max. and min. temperatures from June 2 to Dec 22 on the northern slope of Mt. Jumbong. 239

Fig. 2-133. Annual changes of variation breath between daily max. and min. temperatures from June 2 to Dec 22 on the southern slope of Mt. Jumbong. 240

Fig. 2-134. Changes of daily max. temperature on the southern and the northern slopes of Mt. Wolak during April and May, 2006. 250

Fig. 2-135. Changes of daily min. temperature on the southern and the northern slopes of Mt. Wolak during April and May, 2006. 251

Fig. 2-136. Changes of daily mean temperature on the southern and the northern slopes of Mt. Wolak during April and May, 2006. 251

Fig. 2-137. Changes of breath between max. and min. temperatures from June 18, 2005 to June 11, 2006. 252

Fig. 2-138. Photos of study areas for the National-Long Term Ecological Research in Korea. 271

Fig. 2-139. A light trap setup includes a containment bucket ( a killing agent optional for unattached sampling), funnel, plastic veins holding the UV lightbulb, top fastened down with bungee cords, and electrical wires equipped with a... 272

Fig. 2-140. Total abundance of 5 moth families (Pyralidae, Noctuidae, Arctiidae, Geometridae, Notodontidae) from the two forest types, Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora, from all the KNLTER areas (Mt. Nam, Mt. Jiri, Mt. Wolak, Mt. Jumbong) in 2005 and 2006. 276

Fig. 2-141. Total seasonal change of moths abundance from the two forest types, Quercus mongolica and pinus densiflora, in all the KNLTER　areas (Mt. Nam, Mt. Jiri, Mt. Wolak, Mt. Jumbong) in 2005 and 2006. A Quercus mongolica forest (2005), B. Quercus... 277

Fig. 2-142. Means and standard errors of Shannon's diversity index from moth abundance collected at all the forest types in the KNLTER sites (Mts. Nam, Wolak, Jiri, and Jumbong) in 2005 and 2006. 278

Fig. 2-143. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling with moth community data and environmental variables (soil pH, Mg, K, Ca, Shannon's diversity) from the KNLTER study areas in 2005 (Final stress: 11.95, Final instability: 0.00001, iteration... 279

Fig. 2-144. Non-metric Multidimensional scaling with moth community data from the KNLTER study areas (soil pH, Mg, K, Ca, shannon's diversity) in 2005 and 2006 (Final stress: 17.304, Final instability: 0.00003, Iteration: 79).... 280

Fig. 2-145. Study sites on Mt. Jiri. 283

Fig. 2-146. Study area A on Mt. Worak. 284

Fig. 2-147. Study area B on Mt. Worak. 285

Fig. 2-148. Study area C on Mt. Worak. 286

Fig. 2-149. Annual number of bird populations and species. 295

Fig. 2-150. Changes of number of observed bird populations at study area. 297

Fig. 2-151. Relationships between coverage percentage of dwarf bamboo and density of ground nesting bird per 10min. 303

Fig. 2-152. Density of breeding birds in 2005 and 2006. 303

Fig. 2-153. The mean (±SE) size of clutches produced by Parus varius at Piagol (a.s.l. 300m), Siamjae (a.s.l. 900m), Nogodan (a.s.l. 1400m) in the Mt. Jirisan. 305

Fig. 2-154. Period of clutch formation. 306

Fig. 2-155. Seasonal abundances of small mammals (Pine forest: elevation 400m). 307

Fig. 2-156. Seasonal abundances of small mammals (Oak forest: elevation 900m). 308

Fig. 2-157. Seasonal abundances of small mammals (Korean Fir forest: elevation 1,300m). 308

Fig. 2-158. Seasonal abundances of small mammals (Oak forest: elevation 1,400m). 309

Fig. 2-159. Species diversity of small mammals along elevation. 309

Fig. 2-160. Relationship between capture numbers and coverage of dwarf bamboo in May 2005.... 311

Fig. 2-161. Relationship between capture numbers and coverage of herbs in May 2005.... 312

Fig. 2-162. Relationship between capture numbers and coverage of rocks in May 2005.... 312

Fig. 2-163. Relationship between capture numbers and coverage of rocks in June 2006.... 313

Fig. 2-164. Relationship between capture numbers and coverage of herbs in June 2006.... 313

Fig. 2-165. Relationship between capture numbers and coverage of rocks in August 2006.... 314

Fig. 2-166. Monitoring sites selected for amphibians and reptiles in Woraksan National Park during 2005-2006 years. 317

Fig. 2-167. Species and number of reptile individuals confirmed at a specific monitoring site. 323

Fig. 2-168. Change of the species diversity indices of reptile community in Woraksan National park during 2005-2006 years. 324

Fig. 2-169. Typical habitats of Karsenia koreana (a, b) and photographs of adult males confirmed in Woraksan National Park (c, d). 326

Fig. 2-170. Photographs of Elaphe schrenckii anomala confirmed during 05-06 monitoring in Woraksan National Park. 327

Fig. 2-171. PIT tagging for individual identification of reptiles; (a) PIT tag reader, (b) PIT tags and an injection syringe, (c) inserting a PIT tag, (d) implanted PIT tag. 328

Fig. 2-172. Study sites. Map on the left-hand side shows all the regions affected by the East coast fires in 2000, while the map on the right-hand side shows the permanent plots which is located in Samcheok. 332

Fig. 2-173. Three classes of vegetation cover at post-fire regenerating stands(from left-hand side, low, intermediate and high). 333

Fig. 2-174. Trap establishment at unburned plot. 339

Fig. 2-175. Trap establishment at T1 plot. 340

Fig. 2-176. Trap establishment at T3 plot. 340

Fig. 2-177. Soil sample collection. 342

Fig. 2-178. Modified Berlese funnel for extraction of soil microarthropods. 342

Fig. 2-179. Lysimeter scheme for the measurement of runoff and sediment production from three burned plots. 345

Fig. 2-180. Stand layer development at post-fire permanent plots. 353

Fig. 2-181. Stem diameter growth over time at post-fire stands. Number on the left of each box indicates median value. 373

Fig. 2-182. Aboveground, underground and total biomass at plots. 374

Fig. 2-183. Annual litter production of plant organs. 380

Fig. 2-184. Annual nutrient turnover through litters. 382

Fig. 2-185. Soil respiration with time. 382

Fig. 2-186. Number of lepidoptera species for each family in 2006. 397

Fig. 2-187. Seasonal change in number of species and individuals. 398

Fig. 2-188. Season change in number of species for each family. 399

Fig. 2-189. Seasonal change in number of species at permanent plots with differenct burn severity and regeneration. 400

Fig. 2-190. Forageing by laval stage Lepidoptera in May 2006. 401

Fig. 2-191. Forageing by laval stage Lepidoptera in June 2006. 402

Fig. 2-192. Forageing by laval stage Lepidoptera in August 2006. 403

Fig. 2-193. Forageing by laval stage Lepidoptera in September 2006. 404

Fig. 2-194. Comparison of number of species in Lepidopera in 2005 and 2006 405

Fig. 2-195. Monthly pattern of numbers in immature stage Lepidopera species in 2005 and 2006 406

Fig. 2-196. Total fauna composition of soil microarthropods(mciroarthropods) in higher taxonomic levels from the forest-fire research area, Gangwon, Samcheok from 2005 to 2006. 407

Fig. 2-197. Total abundance of soil microarthropods collected from sites with different burn severity from 2005 to 2006. In this graph, one species of collembola, Isotoma viridis with 666 individuals collected from T1 in Aug. 2005 was omitted in purpose. 408

Fig. 2-198. Total abundance of soil microarthropods collected from different sites from 2005 to 2006.... 409

Fig. 2-199. Total abundance of collembola and species number collected from sites with different burn severity from 2005 to 2006. 410

Fig. 2-200. Relationships between abundance of soil arthropods and organic matter from the sites with different burn severity. 412

Fig. 2-201. Relationships between abundance of soil arthropods and pH from the sites with different burn severity. 413

Fig. 2-202. Relationships between abundance of soil arthropods and moisture content from the sites with different burn severity. 413

Fig. 2-203. Rainfall events occurred from September 1, 2005 to October 31, 2006 416

Fig. 2-204. Relationships between runoff and vegetation cover at three experimental sites. 417

Fig. 2-205. Relationships between runoff and rainfall at three sites. 418

Fig. 2-206. Sediment production at three experimental sites. 419

Fig. 2-207. Relationship between sediment production and runoff rate, and relationship between sediment production and vegetation cover at three experimental sites. 419

Fig. 2-208. Annual nutrient loss by way of runoff. 420

Fig. 2-209. Relative anion loss (left) and cation loss (right) at three experimental sites. 421

Fig. 2-210. Yearly changes of soil pH in Mts. Nam and Gyebang. 428

Fig. 2-211. Yearly changes of soil water pH in Mts nam and Gyebang. 429

Fig. 2-212. A comparison of Al concentration of soil water between Mt. Nam and Mt. Gyebang. 429

Fig. 2-213. Relationship between concentrations of H+ and al in soil water. 430

Fig. 2-214. Yearly changes of annual mean SO₂ in Mts Nam and Gyebang. 431

Fig. 2-215. A comparison of NO2 concentration between Mt. Nam and Gyebang. 432

Fig. 2-216. Yearly changes of annual mean pH of rainfall in Mts. Nam and Gyebang. 433

Fig. 3-1. Change of water quality 1... 442

Fig. 3-2. Change of water quality in Mulgeum 2... 443

Fig. 3-3. Change of water quality in Jeokpo... 444

Fig. 3-4. Change of water quality in Waekwan... 445

Fig. 3-5. Individual number of phytoplankton in Waekwan 446

Fig. 3-6. Individual number of phytoplankton in Jeokpo 447

Fig. 3-7. Individual number of phytoplankton in Mulgem 448

Fig. 3-8. Species composition of phytoplankton in Waekwan 449

Fig. 3-9. Species composition of phytoplankton in Jeokpo 450

Fig. 3-10. Species composition of phytoplankton in Mulgeum 451

Fig. 3-11. Individual number of phytoplankton in Waekwan 452

Fig. 3-12. Individual number of phytoplankton in Jeokpo 453

Fig. 3-13. Individual number of phytoplankton in Mulgeum 454

Fig. 3-14. Species composition of fish in Nackdong River 455

Fig. 3-15. Relative abundance of fish in Nackdong River 457

Fig. 3-16. Ratio of exotic speceis in Nackdong River 458

Fig. 3-17. Species composition of fish in Mulgeum 464

Fig. 3-18. Species composition of fish in Jeokpo 465

Fig. 3-19. Species composition of fish in Waekwan 466

Fig. 3-20. Results of Costello method for food sources of Micropterus salmoides 470

Fig. 3-31. Dual isotopic composition of source materials and consumers in Mulgeum 471

Fig. 3-22. Dual isotopic composition of source materials and consumers in Waegwan 472

Fig. 3-23. Dual isotopic composition of source materials and consumers in Jeokpo. 473

Fig. 3-24. Dual isotopic composition of source materials and consumers in Chungsugol. 474

Fig. 3-25. Change of individual and species number of avian in study sites 484

Fig. 3-26. Change of individual and species number of avian in Mulgeum 486

Fig. 3-27. Habitats for avian in Mulgeum 487

Fig. 3-28. Change of individual and species number of avian in Hanam 488

Fig. 3-29. Habitat for avian in Hanam 488

Fig. 3-30. Change of individual and species number of avian in Jeokpo 489

Fig. 3-31. Habitat for avian in Jeokpo 490

Fig. 3-32. Annual species number in study sites 493

Fig. 3-33. Annual change of individual of zooplankton in Nackdong River.... 496

Fig. 3-34. Individual of zooplankton in Nackdong River(2004-2006).... 497

Fig. 3-35. Individual number of zooplankton in study sites.... 499

Fig. 3-36. Total zooplankton carbon biomass(μgC/L) in study sites.... 501

Fig. 3-37. Total zooplankton carbon biomass(μgC/L) in study sites(2004-2006년).... 502

Fig. 3-38. Total zooplankton filtering rates on phytoplankt on and bacteria size(ml L-1 D-1) 변화. 504

Fig. 3-39. Results of phenology in Nackdong River 505

Fig. 3-40. Particular case 506

Fig. 3-41. Decomposition of leaf litter 506

Fig. 3-42. Life form of plants in study sites 507

Fig. 3-43. Life period of plants in study sites 507

Fig. 3-44. Ratio of exotic species in study sites 508

Fig. 3-45. Penthorum chinense pursh 508

Fig. 3-46. River bed composition in Nackdong River 509

Fig. 3-47. River bed composition in Mulgeum(NMK) 510

Fig. 3-48. Species richness in each sites 511

Fig. 3-49. Species richness in Mulgem(NMK) 511

Fig. 3-50. Density of macroinverterbrate in Nackdong River 512

Fig. 3-51. Density of macroinverterbrate in Mulgeum(NMK) 512

Fig. 3-52. BMWP in Baenaecheon(stream) 516

Fig. 3-53. Study sites 518

Fig. 3-54. Result of SOM and clustering 518

Fig. 3-55. Result of SOM and clustering in Nackdong River 519

Fig. 3-56. Study sites of Han River 525

Fig. 3-57. Gapyeongcheon 526

Fig. 3-58. Dong River 527

Fig. 3-59. Water quality in Uiam Dam... 539

Fig. 3-60. Water quality in Han River... 542

Fig. 3-61. Water quality in Dong River... 543

Fig. 3-62. Water quality in Gapyeongcheon... 544

Fig. 3-63. Water quality in Uiam Dam... 545

Fig. 3-64. BOD/COD Ratio in study sites 546

Fig. 3-65. Species number of macroinverterbrate in Gapyeongcheion 553

Fig. 3-66. Individual number of macroinverterbrate in Gapyeongcheion 553

Fig. 3-67. Individual and species number of macroinverterbrate 557

Fig. 3-68. Individual and species number of macroinverterbrate Goduckdong 561

Fig. 3-69. Body length of Ephemera orientalis 561

Fig. 3-70. Relative abundance of fish in NumHan River 564

Fig. 3-71. Dominant species and subdominant species 564

Fig. 3-72. Relative abundance of fish in BukHan River 566

Fig. 3-73. Dominant species and subdominant species in study site 566

Fig. 3-74. Relative abundance of fish in Han River 569

Fig. 3-75. Dominant species and subdominant species in study site 569

Fig. 3-76. Length-Weight Relationship of Z. platypus 570

Fig. 3-77. Length-Weight Relationship of Z. koreanus 571

Fig. 3-78. Condition factor(K) of Z. platypus 572

Fig. 3-79. Condition factor(K) of Z. koreanus 573

Fig. 3-80. Gonadosomatic index(GSI) of Z. platypus 574

Fig. 3-81. Gonadosomatic index(GSI) of Z. koreanus 574

Fig. 3-82. Species and individual number of avian in Han River 575

Fig. 3-83. Distribution of avian in Han River 576

Fig. 3-84. Distribution of avian in each habitats(2005-2006) 577

Fig. 3-85. Distribution of avian in study site(2005-2006) 578

Fig. 3-86. Breeding of avian in study sites(2005-2006년) 578

Fig. 3-87. Distribution of avian in Jungrangcheon(2005-2007) 580

Fig. 3-88. Individual and species number of avian in Gapyeongcheon 581

Fig. 3-89. Distribution of avian in Gapyeongcheon 582

Fig. 3-90. Individual and species number of avian in each habitats(2005-2006) 582

Fig. 3-91. Distribution of avian in Gapyeongcheon 583

Fig. 3-92. Breeding of avian in Gapyeongcheon(2005-2006) 584

Fig. 3-93. Distribution of avian in Dong River 585

Fig. 3-94. Individual and species number of avian in each habitats 586

Fig. 3-95. Distribution of avian in Dong River 586

Fig. 3-96. Breeding of avian in Dong River(2005-2007) 587

Fig. 3-97. Life form of plants in study sites(2005-2006) 588

Fig. 3-98. Ratio of exotic plants in study sites(2005-2006) 589

Fig. 3-99. Particular species in Han River 589

Fig. 3-100. Vegetation map in Han River(2006) 591

Fig. 3-101. Vegetation map in Dong River(2006) 592

Fig. 3-102. Vegetation map in Gapyeongcheon(2006) 593

Fig. 3-103. Temperature and rainfall during the study period(2005-2006) 594

Fig. 3-104. Changes of height, density and dry weight on 3 species 595

Fig. 3-105. Comparative study of height, density and dry weight between 2005 and 2006 596

Fig. 3-106. Leaf litter processing 597

Fig. 3-107. Study sites in Woopo... 602

Fig. 3-108. Woopo 603

Fig. 3-109. Mokpo 603

Fig. 3-110. Sajipo(Sagipo) 603

Fig. 3-111. Topyeongcheon 603

Fig. 3-112. Water quality in Woopo Wetland 613

Fig. 3-113. Change of Chl-a in study sites 624

Fig. 3-114. Change of phytoplankton in study sites 624

Fig. 3-115. Species number of phytoplankton in study sites 625

Fig. 3-116. Diversity index and dominant index in study sites 625

Fig. 3-117. Species composition in study sites 626

Fig. 3-118. Species composition to the Class in wetland Woopo. 638

Fig. 3-119. Species composition to the Order in Woopo. 638

Fig. 3-120. Species composition to the Order in Mokpo. 639

Fig. 3-121. Species composition to the Order in Sajipo 639

Fig. 3-122. Species composition to the Order in Topyung stream 640

Fig. 3-123. Changes of seasonal collected nember of species and individuals in Woopo. 641

Fig. 3-124. Changes of seasonal collected nember of species and individuals in Mokpo. 641

Fig. 3-125. Changes of seasonal collected nember of species and individuals in Sajipo. 642

Fig. 3-126. Changes of seasonal collected nember of species and individuals in Topyung stream. 643

Fig. 3-127. Changes of individuals of Cercion calamorum calamorum and cloeon dipterum in Wetland Woopo. 646

Fig. 3-128. Changes of possession percentage to the body length of Cercion calamorum calamorum. 647

Fig. 3-129. Changes of possession percentage to the body length of Cloeon dipterum. 649

Fig. 3-130. Species composition of fish in Woopo Wetland 651

Fig. 3-131. Relative abundance of fish in Woopo Wetland 652

Fig. 3-132. Ratio of exotic species 653

Fig. 3-133. Annual change of species number in Woopo Wetland 654

Fig. 3-134. Species composition of fish in Woopo 656

Fig. 3-135. Species composition of fish in Mokpo 657

Fig. 3-136. Species composition of fish in Sajipo 658

Fig. 3-137. Change of fish in Woopo Wetland 658

Fig. 3-138. View of the Upo wetland. (Upo, Sajjipo, Mokpo, Jjokjibeol) 662

Fig. 3-139. Monthly changes of the number of species and individuals of the bird at the whole upo wetland from Dec. 2004 to Jan. 2007. 663

Fig. 3-140. Monthly change of the number of species and individuals of the bird at Upo from Dec. 2004-Jan. 2007. 664

Fig. 3-141. Monthly change of the number of species and individuals of the bird at Sajipo from Dec. 2004- Jan. 2007. 665

Fig. 3-142. Monthly change of the number of species and individuals of the birds at Mokpo from Dec. 2004- Jan. 2007. 665

Fig. 3-143. Monthly change of the number of species and individuals of the birds at Jjokjibeol from Dec. 2004- Jan. 2007. 666

Fig. 3-144. Monthly change of the number of species and individuals at Topeung-chunfrom Dec. 2004. Jan. 2007. 666

Fig. 3-145. Been Gooses on a barley field 667

Fig. 3-146. Comparision of the species diversity indices of the bird community at Upo wetland between the surveyed years. 667

Fig. 3-147. Yearly changes of the individual numbers of the target species during the survey in the Upo wetland : Cygnus cygnus, Platarea leucorodia, Anas falcata, Anas crecca, Anas platyrhynchos, Anser fabalis. 669

Fig. 3-148. Yearly changing pattern of the been goose by the regression analysis. 669

Fig. 3-149. Yearly changing pattern of the Spoonbill(Platalea leucorodia) at the Upo wetland. 670

Fig. 3-150. Regression analysis of the yearly change of the individual numbers of the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)between surveyed years. 670

Fig. 3-151. Regression analysis on the yearly change of the individual numbers of the common teal(Anas crecca). 671

Fig. 3-152. Yearly changes of the waterbirds except Been goose and target species at the Upo wetland. 671

Fig. 3-153. Yearly changing pattern of the Falcated teal(Anas acuta) in the Upo wetland. 672

Fig. 3-154. Regression analysis of the Wooper swan(Cygnus cygnus) with the yearly change of the individual numbers. 672

Fig. 3-155. Yearly changes of the total individual numbers of the species the Family Ardeidae. 673

Fig. 3-156. Yearly changes on the total individual numbers of the Grey heron(Ardea cinerea). 674

Fig. 3-157. Yearly change of the individual numbers of the large egret(Egretta alba) and intermediate egret (Egretta intermedia) observed at the Upo Wetland. 674

Fig. 3-158. Roosting and feeding sites of the Been goose (Anser fabalis) at the Upo Wetland. 675

Fig. 3-159. Moving orientations of the been goose (Anser fabalis) from Upo wetland for feeding and resting during the 2005~ 2006 winter. 675

Fig. 3-160. Flying directions of the been goose(Anser fabalis) during the wintering at the Upo Wetland. 676

Fig. 3-161. Feeding points and flying distances from Upo wetland of the Been goose (Anser fabalis) 676

Fig. 3-162. Roosting and feeding points of the Wooper swan(Cygnus cygnus) during first year survey(2004-2005) winter at th Upo wetland. 677

Fig. 3-163. Roosting and feeding points of the Wooper swan during second year survey (2005-2006) at the Upo wetland, especially during the frozen time in witter. 677

Fig. 3-164. It shows a different scenary of the Upo wetland by the change of the water level. 678

Fig. 3-165. Roosting points of the Grey heron and egret species for wintering at th Upo wetland. 678

Fig. 3-166. Roosting and feeding points of the spoonbill(Platalea leucorodia) in 2004-2005 winter at the Upo wetland. 679

Fig. 3-167. Roosting and feeding points of the spoonbill(Platalea leucorodia) in 2004-2005 winter at the upo wetland. 679

Fig. 3-168. Roosting and moving pattern of the Falcated teal(Anas falcata) in 2004-2006 winter at the upo wetland. 680

Fig. 3-169. Fishing activity by resident people at Mokpo. 680

Fig. 3-170. Bubo bubo and a breeding place 680

Fig. 3-171. The birds of prey confirmed at the Upo wetland during the survey.... 681

Fig. 3-172. Pb and Cd contents in Woop Wetland 681

Fig. 3-173. Pb and Cd contents in sediment 682

Fig. 3-174. Change of Pb contents 683

Fig. 3-175. Pb and Cd contents in Salix(2005) 683

Fig. 3-176. Pb and Cd contents in stem of Salix 684

Fig. 3-177. Pb and Cd contents in herbaceous plant(n=5) (2005) 685

Fig. 3-178. Pb and Cd contents in herbaceous plant 685

Fig. 3-179. Pb and Cd contents in Zizania latifolia 686

Fig. 3-180. Pb contents in fish 687

Fig. 3-181. Pb and Cd contents in invertebrates 687

Fig. 3-182/3-181. Pb and Cd contents in aquatic insects 689

Fig. 3-183/3-182. Pb and Cd contents in terrestrial invertebrates 689

Fig. 4-1. A map showing the surveyed sites in Hampyeong bay 696

Fig. 4-2. Monthly changes of the temperature in the study area 701

Fig. 4-3. Monthly changes of the rainfall in the study area 701

Fig. 4-4. Changes of the relative humidity in the study area 702

Fig. 4-5. Daily changes of the wind speed in the study area 702

Fig. 4-6. Monthly changes of the water temperature in the study area 703

Fig. 4-7. Monthly changes of the electronic conductivity in the study area 703

Fig. 4-8. Monthly changes of the salinity in the study area 704

Fig. 4-9. Monthly changes of the dissolved oxygen in the study area 705

Fig. 4-10. Monthly changes of the pH in the study area 705

Fig. 4-11. Monthly changes of the COD in the study area 706

Fig. 4-12. Monthly changes of the NH4+-N in the study area 706

Fig. 4-13. Monthly changes of the T-N in the study area 707

Fig. 4-14. Monthly changes of the PO4-P in the study area 707

Fig. 4-15. Monthly changes of the T-P in the study area 708

Fig. 4-16. Soil moisture contents... 709

Fig. 4-17. pH... 709

Fig. 4-18. Soil salinity 709

Fig. 4-19. Soil electronic conductivity 709

Fig. 4-20. Soil organic matter 710

Fig. 4-21. Total organic carbon 710

Fig. 4-22. Soil available phosphorus 710

Fig. 4-23. Soil total nitrogen 710

Fig. 4-24. Soil moisture contents... 711

Fig. 4-25. pH... 711

Fig. 4-26. Soil salinity 712

Fig. 4-27. Soil electronic conductivity 712

Fig. 4-28. Soil organic matter 712

Fig. 4-29. Total organic carbon 712

Fig. 4-30. Soil available phosphorus 713

Fig. 4-31. Soil total nitrogen 713

Fig. 4-32. Soil moisture contents... 713

Fig. 4-33. pH... 713

Fig. 4-34. Soil salinity 714

Fig. 4-35. Soil electronic conductivity 714

Fig. 4-36. Soil organic matter... 714

Fig. 4-37. Total organic carbon... 714

Fig. 4-38. Soil available phosphorus... 715

Fig. 4-39. Soil total nitrogen... 715

Fig. 4-40. Vegetation maps of Songseokri.... 724

Fig. 4-41. Vegetation maps of Gaipri.... 724

Fig. 4-42. Vegetation maps of Hyeonhwari.... 725

Fig. 4-43. Germination percentage of the halophytes seeding during 3 years. 725

Fig. 4-44. Biomass of the halophytes grown under study area during 3 years. 727

Fig. 4-45. Seasonal changes of the shoot lengths of each halophytes grown under study area during 3 years. 727

Fig. 4-46. Seasonal changes of the root lengths of each halophytes grown under study area during 3 years. 728

Fig. 4-47. Seasonal changes in the taproot and upper lateral lower lengths each of halophytes grown under study area during 3 years. 728

Fig. 4-48. The change of distribution areas of halophytes communities. 729

Fig. 4-49. The comparison of species number of invertebrate animals in intertidal zone. 740

Fig. 4-50. Species number of each phylum of invertebrate animals in intertidal zone. 741

Fig. 4-51. Seasonal coverage change of Balanus albicostatus, Crassostrea gigas, Vignadula atrata 742

Fig. 4-52. Coverage change of balanus albicostatus, Crassostrea gigas, Vignadula atrata 742

Fig. 4-53. Seasonal coverage change of Balanus albicostatus, Crassostrea gigas, Vignadula atrata 743

Fig. 4-54. Seasonal coverage change of Ophlitaspongia sp. 744

Fig. 4-55. Monthly changing aspect of spicule size of Ophlitaspongia sp. 745

Fig. 4-56. Seasonal change in biomass of Enteromorpha crinita Nees at the Gayip-ri during study period 747

Fig. 4-57. Sequential stages of development of Enteromorpha crinita Nees at the Gayip-ri 747

Fig. 4-58. Frequency distribution of sediment grain size in Enteromorpha crinita meadows. 748

Fig. 4-59. Pictures showing the recruitment habitats of Enteromorpha crinita at the Gayip-ri 748

Fig. 4-60. seasonal change in density (B-B values)of Enteromorpha crinita Nees at the Gayip-ri during study period 749

Fig. 4-61. Algae flora on the rocky habitate at Sosuk-ri. 750

Fig. 4-62. Image of ASTER(2001. 04. 25) 762

Fig. 4-63. Waterline extracted for DEM 762

Fig. 4-64. DEM of tidal zone of Hampyoung Bay in 2000 763

Fig. 4-65. Image of NDVI of Gaip-ri 764

Fig. 4-66. Tasseled cap transforming image in Gaip-ri. 765

Fig. 4-67. Relationship between Chlorophyll-a and NDVI 766

Fig. 4-68. Relationship between Chlorophyll-a and tasseled cap(greenness) 766

Fig. 4-69. Changes of NDVI in Hamphyoung Bay 768

Fig. 4-70. Tasseled cap in Hampyoung Bay on 16 April 2001 769

Fig. 4-71. Tasseled cap in Hampyoung bay on 14 Feb. 2002 770

Fig. 4-72. Tasseled cap in Hampyoung bay on 24 April 2004 770

Fig. 4-73. Land cover classification map in Hampyoung Bay 772

Fig. 4-74. Temperature pattern map in Hampyoung Bay 773

Fig. 4-75. Temperature pattern map in Hampyoung Bay 774

Fig. 4-76. Temperature pattern map in Hampyoung Bay 775

Fig. 4-77. Mapping of elevation, shadiness and slope pattern in Hampyoung Bay 776

Fig. 4-78. Dominant species of benthic diatom (Feb. 2005) 777

Fig. 4-79. Dominant species of benthic diatom (March 2006) 778

Fig. 4-80. Dominant species of benthic diatom (Nov. 2006) 779

Fig. 5-1. Study site of the magpie population (Seoul National University campus, 32.27'n, 126.57'e) 783

Fig. 5-2. Nest access with cargo crane 784

Fig. 5-3. Measurement of eggs 784

Fig. 5-4. Molecular sexing with Griffiths method 785

Fig. 5-5. Summary of breeding uccess 787

Fig. 5-6. Analysis of main causes of breeding failure (1998-2006) 788

Fig. 5-7. Sampling sites of the magpie DNA 793

Fig. 5-8. Allele size frequencies of the 7 markers used 796

Fig. 5-9. Heterozygosities of the study sites 796

Fig. 5-10. Genetic differentiation and geographical similarity of the Korean magpie populations with 9 microsatellite markers.... 797

Fig. 5-11. Schematic diagram of the population fluctuation model of Scotinophara lurida 801

Fig. 5-12. Wintering sites of scotinophara lurida(A) and riptortus clavatus(B) 802

Fig. 5-13. Study site of Scotinophara lurida... 803

Fig. 5-14. Study sites of Riptortus clavatus... 803

Fig. 5-15. Host plants of Riptortus clavatus... 804

Fig. 5-16. Growth rate of Scotinophara lurida(eff - 5th instar). O was excluded in linear regression 805

Fig. 5-17. Growth curve of Scotinophara lurida larvae in each developmental steps and the model application to Weibull function 806

Fig. 5-18. Linear regression of growth rate of adult Scotinophara lurida 806

Fig. 5-19. Composition models of scotinophara lurida oviposition. temperature-dependant number of oviposition, age-specific oviposition rate, age-specific survival rate. 807

Fig. 5-20. Predicted model(-) and observed value(o) in occurrence ratio of each developmental steps. occurrence number was denoted as ratio divided by peak number. observation data was used in research 2000. 808

Fig. 5-21. Occurrence pattern of Scotinophara lurida (Dongbu-nahnong research rice paddyfiled, Dang-jin, Chungchungnamdo, 2006) 810

Fig. 5-22. Occurrence pattern of Riptortus clavatus in each host plan(Seok-mun tide Dmbankment, Dang-jin, Chungchungnamdo, 2006) 810

Fig. 5-23. Mean temperature of the study sites of Scotinophara lurida and Riptortus clavatus (2006). 811

〈부록〉국가장기생태연구 방법 850

Fig. 1. 1ha 영구방형구내 25개 20X20m 소방형구 번호. 853

Fig. 2. 점봉산내 대표 영구방형구(1ha 영구방형구)내 식생전경(2003년 10월 24일) 854

Fig. 3. 대표 영구방형구(1 ha 영구방형구)와 위성 영구방형구(0.04ha)의 분포도. 854

Fig. 4. 점봉산 영구방형구내 초본층 피도의 공간분포(2004년 8월). 862

Fig. 5. 점봉산 영구방형구내 초본층 종밀도(No./100㎡)의 공간분포(2004년 8월). 862

Fig. 6. 영구방형구내 토양수분함량의 공간분포(1997년 5월). 863

Fig. 7. 점봉산 영구방형구내 낙엽층 두께와 초봄 시기 종밀도 분포의 관계(2007년 5월). 864

Fig. 1. 영구방형구 내 교목의 번호 및 위치 869

Fig. 2. 완성된 회귀직선 871

Fig. 3. 현장에 설치한 litter trap. 872

Fig. 4. 완성된 Litterbag 873

Fig. 1. 조사지역 내의 양서류 개체수 변화 890

Fig. 1. Pitfall trap diagram 893

Fig. 1. 자동기상관측기의 설치 예: 점봉산 강선리 유역을 대상으로. 896

Fig. 2. 강우가 발생한 날에 대한 해발고도-강우량 간의 가상적인 선형화 귀식의 예 896

Fig. 3. 유량조사를 위한 유역출구점과 소배수구역출구점을 선정한 예: 점봉산 강선리 유역을 대상으로. 897

Fig. 4. 수위-유량 회귀식: 점봉산 강선리유역 출구점 조시지점을 대상으로. 898

Fig. 5. 자동수위관측기를 이용한 2004년 수위변동자료의 예: 점봉산 강선리유역 출구조사지점을 대상으로. 899

Fig. 6. 하천수위와 수위측정 인근토양의 토양수분의 관계: 점봉산 강선리 유역 출구조사지점을 대상으로. 899

Fig. 1. 담수어류 채집방법 924

Fig. 1. A 조사지역내 고정조사구 서식처 변화상(예시) 953

Fig. 1. GIS data model. 985

Fig. 2. The flow of grain size analysis 986

Fig. 3. The flow of water content analysis. 987

Fig. 4. The flow of chlorophyll-a analysis. 989

Fig. 1. 국가장기생태 GIS-DB 시스템 개념도 993

Fig. 2. GIS-DB 형태에 따른 분류 994

Fig. 3. GeoDataBase Format 994

Fig. 4. GeoDataBase를 통한 GIS-DB 구축 995

Fig. 5. Web-GIS 기반 시스템 구성도 995

Fig. 6. GIS-DB 주제도 구축(예) 996

Fig. 7. Modeling 기법을 이용한 주제도 작성(예) 996

Fig. 8. 영구방형구에서의 공간데이터 예 997

Fig. 9. 육상생태계 B/L Trap 설치 위치도(예) 998

Fig. 10. 담수생태계 조사지점 위치도(예) 998