표제지

목차

I. 서론 8

1. 연구의 목적 및 필요성 8

2. 연구의 내용 11

3. 연구의 구성 12

1) 문헌연구 12

2) 연구전개 12

4. 선행연구 고찰 14

II. 인도철학의 이해 21

1. 인도 정통 육파철학의 이해 21

1) 베다 중심의 미맘사, 베단타 25

2) 논리 중심의 니야야, 바이쉐시카 27

3) 우파니샤드 중심의 샹키야, 요가철학 29

2. 요가의 정의 32

1) 요가의 정의와 분류 32

2) 현대의 요가 36

III. 현대 요가지도자 앙성의 방향모색 38

1. 요가지도자 양성체계 38

2. 요가지도자의 전문성 45

IV. 요가의 수행체계 51

1. 하타요가 수행법 51

1) 하타요가의 정의 51

2) 하타요가의 수행체계 55

3) 하타요가의 원리 66

2. 신체수행의 방법 74

1) 아사나(Asana)의 종류 74

2) 신체의 유용성(有用性) 78

3) 형(形) - 중(中) 86

4) 신체의 내재적 가치 92

V. 구루(guru)의 역할 및 가치관 98

1. 구루의 역할 98

1) 구루의 분류 98

2) 구루와 시스야(sisya)의 관계 104

2. 구루의 가치관 111

VI. 결론 120

참고문헌 125

Abstract 138

감사의 글 144

표목차

표 1. 요가수행, 방법 및 철학 관련 연구 15

표 2. 요가 지도자, 수련 가치체계 및 현상학, 기타 연구 20

표 3. 지도자 양성기관 교육내용(www. naver. com) 39

표 4. 요가 수행 8단계 56

표 5. 육방동법의 분류 84

표 6. 구루와 어짜르야(acarya)의 분류(www.yogacafe.com.) 102

그림목차

그림 1. 인도철학의 학파(Chatterjee, Datta 저, 김형준 역, 1999) 24

그림 2. 요가수행의 단계 62

그림 3. 차크라의 위치(이의영 역, 2004) 69

그림 4. 신체와 마음의 움직임 71

그림 5. 요가수행의 원리 72

그림 6. 신체수행의 체계 90

The purpose of this study is to examine correct body training system of yoga and to explore the role and values of guru by re-illuminating the role and necessity of a leader who can lead to the correct system.

Appropriateness of yoga training system was suggested through preceding studies and translations on main scriptures of Hatha yoga including Hatha Yoga Pradipica, Ghera asamhit, Shivasamhita, and Yoga-sutra. As a result, 8 steps of yoga training are a unified training instead of independent training is, and the ideology of yoga training is realized through precepts. Passing through all steps from Hatha yoga to Raja yoga is a result of status that comes from training. This is the method of entering the path of higher step and realizing the self ego, which is the ultimate goal.

In addition, in order to perform shapes suitable for each individual and balance the body, it is necessary to use body training with efficient and correct direction. To suggest a correct method of yoga training system from such viewpoint, methods of body training system were deduced as follows using the meaning and concept of aspects of two individuals taken by the body by finding out the scope of usefulness of the body.

First, asana was classified into shapes of six scopes according to the direction of usefulness of the body, and the method of utilizing such six scopes is called the Method of Six Scopes Use. The Method of Six Scopes Use is the basic method of controlling the body freely that allows maximum possible utilization of usefulness of our body. Though six scopes are based on a simple principle, various effects are shown through such method.

Second, next step is defined in this study as shape. Such training is a separate invisible training within the motion of Method of Six Scopes Use. Shape is a step in which the invisible motion is transformed into a visible motion. Upright body shape refers to a healthy body and shows that one followed a correct system of six scopes. In addition, it also refers to the force that can even control the mind that is moving inside the body. Once the body can move freely and shape becomes upright through exercise of Method of Six Scopes Use, the body must now be trained to keep its center. Next training step is defined in this study as center.

Third, center refers to a state in which one can balance the center by taking a complete control of one's body. The body is balanced when the role of center is smoothly performed. In addition, acquisition of the power to control the body is same as achieving a state of composure for overall motions inside the body. An upright center means that one now has a fixed power that does not move its location by spatial motions of the body with the help of the central axis. Center has an important power that can enhance the body and mind. Correct method of body training frees body motions through correct system of Method of Six Scopes Use, fixes shape of the body, and fixes center of the body.

Looking at the results of above discussion, there is only one form of body-six scopes-shape-center. This form only appears to be a complicated system because each part of the form is explained separately. Each part has a different role it performs within a single unified training, and all parts are connected together. Body training system of yoga was found to have a single principle of body-six scopes-shape-center. Upright body training system would be to achieve the ultimate purpose of yoga to incorporate the mind and body by connecting together body mind spirit pursued by Indian philosophy. The form of body-six scopes-shape-center is not simply a method of controlling the body but internalizes various methods that cultivate power to control feelings, power to control the mind and power to reach meditation. Such justified methods can compose liberal and harmonious aspects in the motions in and out of the body. That is, upright body training is the method of creating the healthy body that we want, and values of the body can be learned through such upright body training.

Literature related to yoga and history of philosophy in India was examined in order to explore the role and values of guru. In addition, the role and values of guru were deduced by analyzing domestic and international master's and doctoral research papers, journals and books and by discussing realistic criticism on problems of modern yoga leaders. As a result, the role of guru is to function as a teacher of mental soul who teaches the pupils according to their dispositions and abilities by classifying sisya. Guru himself does not settle in his position as a guru but becomes the role model to endeavor for knowledge and learning from someone above. In addition, guru also has the role of guidance for the correct path. This role includes giving necessary information about training to pupils, delivery of knowledge, providing accurate concept of necessary knowledge in training when trainees or pupils are failing to find that knowledge, and leading them to understand the method of correct training. In addition, the results of philosophical application of principles on values of guru are as follows.

First, one of values of guru is to experience and practice moral ideas in the ethical viewpoint and to provide the best completed model for trainees. Second, belief system on the teaching for training must be defined precisely in terms of action. Guru himself must have a definite and clear concept in his actions and practice a fundamental training system that can master both the phenomenal ego and internal transcendental ego. Third, in terms of cognition, a guru must be equipped with composite knowledge in various fields of experiences, situations and cognitive activities necessary for training. Fourth, in terms of viewpoint, a guru must be equipped with the insight of distinguishing between problems of trainees and with foresight and judgment that can wisely cope with difficulties that occur during training.

As examined earlier, yoga training system is not limited to a collection of cross sections but is a unification of all sections. The concept about aspects in and out of individuals owned by the body must be understood. In addition, acquisition of values as a guru who guides trainees for yoga training can be said as a method of upright teaching through systematic understanding of the body and connection of the body and mind. Establishment of values is not a series of definitions for outward appearance of philosophical solutions but a method of becoming a true teacher with reputation by providing the most exemplary, ideal and complete model to trainees.

Therefore, yoga training is a comprehensive exercise for healthy mind, body and mentality. Yoga trainers must pay attention to harmonious training of the mind and body that continues from the body and breathing to meditation in order to realize the true meaning of yoga. Examination of the system of body training and exploration of the role and values of guru will become a meaningful work. Correct expansion of the basis of modern yoga is expected to be realized through understanding of correct method of body training and upright teachings of guru.

Since this study is focusing on the body in body training of yoga, specific discussions on accurate methods of breathing and meditation had not been provided. Follow-up studies on overall method of yoga training must be continued in relation to this study in order to spread modern yoga with correct recognition and method. Systematic concepts that can justify the method of yoga training must be understood. In addition, effective and attainable methods should be suggested by understanding the current conditions in terms of securing expertise of yoga leaders. Such discussions must be composed of practical discussions that can provide realistic methods of yoga training.