Figure 1.1: Molecular arrangement of N and SmA phase. 24

Figure 1.2: Molecular arrangement of SmC and SmCA phase.(이미지참조) 26

Figure 1.3: Twist of the molecule in cholesteric phase (lefthanded) 29

Figure 1.4: Twist of the director in the SmC* phase. Due to the resulting... 31

Figure 1.5: Twist of the coupled director in the SmCA* phase. Due to...(이미지참조) 32

Figure 1.6: The surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal (SSFLC) mode... 35

Figure 1.7: (a) Tilt direction in successive layers of an antiferroelectric liquid... 38

Figure 1.8: (a) Schematic representation of V-shaped switching mode in the... 40

Figure 1.9: (a) Schematic diagram of DHFLC mode in homogeneous align-... 41

Figure 2.1: The arrangements of smectic layers between two glass substrates... 46

Figure 2.2: The geometrical and material dependence of the VA-DHFLC... 48

Figure 2.3: The schematic diagram of the VA-DHFLC mode in the absence... 50

Figure 2.4: The schematic diagram of the VA-DHFLC mode under an ap-... 51

Figure 2.5: Example of zigzag defect usually appeared in a SSFLC cell. 54

Figure 2.6: The schematic diagrams and the corresponding microscopic... 56

Figure 2.7: The schematic diagrams and the corresponding microscopic... 58

Figure 2.8: Optical path to detector through a LC cell. 59

Figure 2.9: Experimental results of transmittance T as a function of incident... 60

Figure 2.10: The hysteresis-free symmetric EO property to triangular wave... 62

Figure 2.11: The EO characteristics of the VA-DHFLC cell: (a) the trans-... 63

Figure 2.12: Measured dielectric constant of FLC 10817 and 10855. 64

Figure 2.13: Layer breaking phenomenon of the VA-DHFLC samples under... 65

Figure 2.14: A helically modulated SmC* LC. The direction of both n and... 68

Figure 2.15: The flow chart of coarse graining method for fast convergence... 80

Figure 2.16: Numerical calculation results of director profiles. Here, we... 82

Figure 2.17: (a) The cell geometry used for the calculation of electric field... 84

Figure 2.18: Simulation results for EO transmittance of the VA-DHFLC... 86

Figure 3.1: The technology attributes of flexible displays 92

Figure 3.2: The schematic diagram of our flexible VA-DHFLC cell and... 95

Figure 3.3: The microscopic and SEM images of an array of columnar spac-... 97

Figure 3.4: The fabrication process of in-plane electrodes and columnar... 98

Figure 3.5: The stamping process for mechanical stability against the bend-... 99

Figure 3.6: Cross sectional SEM images of our flexible VA-DHFLC cell. 100

Figure 3.7: Microscopic textures of our flexible VA-DHFLC cell with... 102

Figure 3.8: The EO transmittance of our flexible VA-DHFLC cell under a... 103

Figure 3.9: The dynamic EO response of our flexible VA-DHFLC cell under... 104

Figure 3.10: Microscopic textures and corresponding intensity profiles of... 105

Figure 3.11: A schematic diagram of (a) transmissive LCD using a backlight... 107

Figure 3.12: Structure of a transflective LCD with a dual cell gap geometry. 109

Figure 3.13: Schematic diagrams of two types transfiective LCD in a single... 111

Figure 3.14: The schematic diagram of our T-FLC cell with a single gap... 113

Figure 3.15: The operation principle of our T-FLC cell and the polarization... 115

Figure 3.16: The operation principle of our T-FLC cell and the polarization... 116

Figure 3.17: The microscopic texture observed reflective mode is the top... 117

Figure 3.18: The experimental setup to measure the optical anisotropy of... 119

Figure 3.19: The induced phase retardation of our T-FLC cell measured by... 120

Figure 3.20: Microscopic textures of our T-FLC cell in the presence of an... 122

Figure 3.21: The transmitted and the reflected intensities of our T-FLC... 123

Figure 3.22: The schematic diagram of our T-FLC cell with a single gap... 126

Figure 3.23: The operation principle of our T-FLC cell with altered inter-... 127

Figure 3.24: The operation principle of our T-FLC cell with altered inter-... 128

Figure 3.25: The microscopic texture of in-plane electrodes with various... 130

Figure 3.26: Numerical calculation results of the electric field distribution,... 131

Figure 3.27: Numerical calculation results of the voltage-dependent trans-... 132

Figure 3.28: Voltage-dependent induced phase retardation according to var-... 133

Figure 3.29: Microscopic textures of the VA-DHFLC cells with different... 135

Figure 3.30: The electric field distribution of the vertical components near... 136

Figure 3.31: Measured transmittance and reflectance intensities of the pro-... 137

Figure 3.32: The dynamic EO responses to an unipolar electric field of a... 138

Figure 4.1: Some examples of LC based optical devices. (a) LC lens ar-... 142

Figure 4.2: Schematic diagram of a binary amplitude/phase Fresnel lens. In... 146

Figure 4.3: Diffraction of a plane wave at a Fresnel zone plate. 147

Figure 4.4: Schematic diagram of the PILC Fresnel lens in an orthogonally... 151

Figure 4.5: (a) Side view of LC configuration under no applied voltage and... 152

Figure 4.6: (a) Side view of LC configuration under an applied voltage and... 153

Figure 4.7: The molecular structures of LGC-M2 (a) before and (b) after... 156

Figure 4.8: Fabrication processes of the PILC Fresnel lens in an orthogo-... 158

Figure 4.9: Microscopic textures of the PILC Fresnel lens with orthogonally... 159

Figure 4.10: Dynamic diffraction efficiency of our PILC Fresnel lens as a... 160

Figure 4.11: The CCD images of focusing and defocusing for the x, +45°,... 162

Figure 4.12: The polar plot of the centro-symmetrical diffraction efficiencies... 163

Figure 4.13: The schematic diagram of high-speed FLC Fresnel lens using... 165

Figure 4.14: The operation principle of our FLC Fresnel lens with patterned... 166

Figure 4.15: Numerical calculation result of diffraction efficiency of our FLC... 169

Figure 4.16: FZP type patterned ITO electrode. 170

Figure 4.17: Microscopic textures of our FLC Fresnel lens under crossed... 171

Figure 4.18: (a) The schematic diagram of the deviation of layer normal... 172

Figure 4.19: Dynamic diffraction efficiency of our FLC Fresnel lens as a... 173

Figure 4.20: Focusing and defocusing properties of our FLC Fresnel lens... 175

Figure 4.21: Dynamic EO response characteristics of our FLC Fresnel lens... 176

Figure 4.22: Schematic diagram of our phase modulator based on the VA-... 179

Figure 4.23: Distribution of the electric potential of the electrostatic simu-... 180

Figure 4.24: Electrostatic simulation results of the electric field parallel Ex...(이미지참조) 181

Figure 4.25: Microscopic texture of n+ doped amorphous silicon resistor...(이미지참조) 182

Figure 4.26: Our phase modulator observer by a polarizing microscope un-... 183

Figure 4.27: Microscopic textures under crossed polarizers to various applied... 185

Figure 4.28: (a) Voltage dependent transmittance curve for the 50 μm thick... 187

Figure 4.29: Texture of broken alignment after the device has been driven... 188

Figure 4.30: Simulation results of Ey at different y positions and the electric...(이미지참조) 189

Figure 4.31: Model for explaining the localized layer buckling phenomenon 190

Figure 4.32: Microscopic photos of textures on the operating region of the... 192

Figure 4.33: Simulation results of (a) localized smectic layer buckling phe-... 193