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Title Page

Contents

Abstract 7

I. INTRODUCTION 9

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 12

1. Animals and environmental conditions 12

2. Test chemical and treatment 12

3. Experimental groups 13

4. Observation of dams 13

4.1. Observation of animals 13

4.2. Necropsy and organ weights 14

4.3. Preparation of liver tissue homogenate 14

4.4. Determination of lipid peroxidation and GSH levels 15

4.5. Determination of antioxidant enzymes 15

5. Post-mortem examination 16

6. Statistical Analyses 17

III. RESULTS 18

1. Maternal toxicity 18

1.1. Clinical signs and mortality 18

1.2. Body weight change 18

1.3. Food consumption 18

1.4. Gross findings 21

1.5. Organ weights 21

1.6. Antioxidant enzymes 23

2. Developmental toxicity 30

IV. DISCUSSION 41

REFERENCES 46

국문초록 58

List of Tables

Table 1. Body weight changes of the pregnant rats treated with CP and/or PYC. 19

Table 2. Food consumption of the pregnant rats treated with CP and/or PYC. 20

Table 3. Organ weights of the pregnant rats treated with CP and/or PYC. 22

Table 4. Caesarean section data in the pregnant rats treated with CP and/or PYC. 31

Table 5. External alterations in the fetuses from pregnant rats treated with CP and/or PYC. 33

Table 6. Visceral alterations in the fetuses from pregnant rats treated with CP and/or PYC. 35

Table 7. Skeletal malformation in the fetuses from pregnant rats treated with CP and/or PYC. 37

Table 8. Skeletal variation in the fetuses from pregnant rats treated with CP and/or PYC. 39

Table 9. Ossification degree in the fetuses of pregnant rats treated with CP and/or PYC. 40

List of Figures

Fig. 1. Malondialdehyde concentration in the liver of dams treated with CP and/or PYC. Each bar represents the mean±D of rats. 24

Fig. 2. Glutathione concentration in the liver of dams treated with CP and/or PYC. Each bar represents the mean±D of rats. 25

Fig. 3. Catalase concentration in the liver of dams treated with CP and/or PYC. Each bar represents the mean±D of rats. 26

Fig. 4. Glutathione peroxidase concentration in the liver of dams treated with CP and/or PYC. Each bar represents the mean±D of rats. 27

Fig. 5. Glutathione-S-transferase concentration in the liver of dams treated with CP and/or PYC. Each bar represents the mean±D of rats. 28

Fig. 6. Glutathione reductase concentration in the liver of dams treated with CP and/or PYC. Each bar represents the mean±D of rats. 29