표제지

목차

제1장 서론 19

제1절 연구의 목적 19

제2절 연구범위 26

제3절 연구방법 32

제2장 집행제도의 법적 기능과 경제적·정책적 함의 35

제1절 강제집행제도의 이해 35

I. 의의 35

II. 집행방법 35

1. 강제경매와 강제관리 36

2. 강제경매의 매각방법 37

3. 금전집행의 3단계 38

III. 집행의 대상과 집행기관 39

IV. 강제경매의 신청 41

1. 신청의 방식 41

2. 강제경매와 임의경매 41

V. 강제경매 절차의 개요 46

1. 강제경매개시결정 47

2. 경매개시결정의 효력 47

3. 압류 효력의 소멸 48

VI. 부동산경매절차의 이해관계인 49

1. 이해관계인의 권리 49

2. 이해관계인의 범위 50

VII. 배당요구·매각조건·입찰의 실시 51

1. 배당요구의 종기결정 및 공고 51

2. 매각조건의 결정 52

3. 기일입찰의 실시 52

VIII. 집행으로 인한 소유권의 변동 55

1. 매각대금의 지급 55

2. 소유권이전등기의 촉탁 56

3. 부동산인도명령 56

4. 채권의 변제절차 56

제2절 집행관제도의 이해 58

I. 연혁 58

II. 집행관의 임명과 자격 60

III. 집행관제도의 실정법상 규정 61

1. 집행관 자신에 대한 규정 61

2. 집행관의 직무집행에 관한 규정 63

3. 집행관의 감독에 관한 규정 66

4. 위임자(채권자)와 채무자, 제3자에 관한 규정 67

제3절 집행제도의 기능 69

I. 권리구제의 실현 69

II. 사법절차의 보조기능 70

III. 법률집행의 기능 71

1. 민사재판의 집행 71

2. 형사재판의 집행 71

3. 가사재판의 집행 72

4. 행정재판의 집행 74

5. 집행관이 관여하는 기타 사건 76

제4절 집행제도의 경제적·정책적 함의 78

I. 현황 및 문제점 78

II. 집행제도의 정책적 함의 78

III. 집행제도의 개선방안 79

제5절 집행관제도의 바람직한 방향 81

제3장 집행관제도에 대한 비교법적 고찰 82

제1절 영국의 집행관제도 82

I. 영국의 집행관제도 일반 82

II. 영국의 집행관제도 개관 83

1. 연혁 83

2. 권한 84

3. 집행관의 임명 85

4. 집행관의 수당제 85

5. 대리집행관(Deputy Sheriff)제도 85

III. 영국의 집행관제도 특색 86

제2절 미국의 집행관제도 88

I. 미국의 집행관제도 일반 88

1. 집행관의 종류 90

2. 집행관신분의 취득과 상실 94

3. 집행관의 지위 97

II. 미국 주에서의 구체적 강제집행절차 102

1. 강제집행의 제약과 판결채권 집행의 한계 102

2. 강제집행의 시간적 제약 103

3. 채무자의 파산과 공동채무자가 존재하는 경우의 집행 108

4. 채무자가 사망한 경우의 판결 집행 110

5. 채무자 및 채무자 재산조회 방법 111

6. 채무자의 자발적인 채무 변제와 불법 채권추심 행위 116

7. 집행채권의 충족 118

8. 판결채권의 집행대상과 집행방식 121

9. 집행을 위한 집행대상의 선택과 다양한 집행방식 123

10. 판결채무 미이행에 대한 조치 135

III. 집행관의 법적 지위와 책임 138

1. 집행관의 법적 지위 138

2. 집행관의 관할권 139

3. 집행관의 책임 140

IV. 집행관의 보수 149

제3절 독일의 집행관제도 152

I. 독일의 집행관제도의 이해 152

II. 독일 집행관제도 일반 155

1. 집행관 제도의 통일과 근거규정 155

2. 집행관 자격요건, 업무, 지위 157

3. 민영화논의 160

4. 독일 집행관 제도의 개혁 논의 164

III. 집행관제도 개혁 필요성 확인 165

1. 집행관제도 개혁의 필요성 165

2. 집행관의 업무량 167

3. 낮은 비용 대 효과 168

4. 보수 170

IV. 집행관제도의 개혁제안 170

1. 집행관 비용법 및 보수에 관한 논의 170

2. 집행관 관할구역 보호의 완화 189

3. 강제집행에 있어서 사건 해결을 위한 개혁의 영향 201

4. 규제완화의 가능성에 대응한 집행관규칙 202

V. 주 법무차관 실무진 회의에서 다루지 않은 집행관제도 203

1. 집행관으로의 채권압류 업무의 이전 203

2. 강제집행 이외의 다른 직무영역의 개방 210

3. 집행관 교육의 전문대학으로의 전환 215

4. 집행국의 도입 220

VI. 집행관제도 개혁의 의견수렴과 그 평가 227

제4절 프랑스의 집행관제도 230

I. 프랑스 집행관제도의 이해 230

1. 휴이세(Huissier)의 조직 230

2. 집행관(huissier)의 직무내용 231

3. 보조집행관제 231

II. 프랑스 강제집행법의 법원(法源) 232

1. 법령(sources légales) 232

2. 판례(Sources jurisprudentielles) 233

3. 학설(sources dorctrincles) 234

4. 실무관행(Pratiques professionnelles) 234

III. 프랑스 강제집행법의 발전 234

1. 강제집행법의 부분적 개정과 실무의 발전 234

2. 1991-1992년의 프랑스 강제집행법의 근본적인 개정 236

IV. 강제집행의 요건 249

1. 강제집행요건 개관 249

2. 집행권원(le titre exécutoire) 250

3. 집행문(formule exécutoire) 250

V. 프랑스 집행관(huissier de justice)제도의 특색 253

1. 기능 253

2. 연혁과 현행규정 255

3. 권리와 의무 255

4. 직업조직(organisation de la profession) 258

제5절 일본의 집행관제도 260

I. 일본 집행관제도의 이해 260

1. 연혁 260

2. 집행관의 임명 261

3. 집행관 시험제도 261

4. 지위 263

5. 직무관할 264

II. 일본의 집행관제도의 특색 264

1. 집행관의 수입수수료 264

2. 집행에 있어 소송구조자의 특칙 265

3. 집행기록의 보관의무와 당사자의 열람권 265

4. 집행관 직무 대행 266

III. 일본 집행관의 사무분배와 권한 266

1. 법원에 의한 사무분배 제도 266

2. 집행관의 권한 267

3. 집행관의 집행신청 각하권 268

제4장 현행 집행관제도의 문제점과 개선방안 269

제1절 집행관의 의무 269

제2절 집행관의 자격 277

I. 집행관 자격 277

II. 선임방법 및 절차 277

제3절 집행관의 업무집행 방식 281

I. 당사자의 신청 281

II. 사건처리의 지연 281

III. 집행관의 업무처리 방식 282

1. 소극적 업무집행 284

2. 집행관의 부당한 업무집행 287

제4절 적정 집행관의 수 289

제5절 집행관의 보수 293

I. 인건비와 사무소 운영비용 293

II. 집행비용 294

1. 강제경매 294

2. 임의경매 298

제6절 집행관의 임명과 임기 300

제7절 집행관사무소 조직과 관할 304

I. 집행관 인원현황 304

II. 관할 304

제8절 집행관의 감독과 책임 306

제9절 보수체계 공개와 국고환수 310

제10절 전자집행 제도의 실시 312

제11절 집행관 및 보조인의 교육 317

I. 집행관 교육 317

1. 집행관 교육의 개요 317

2. 연수대상자 318

3. 연수시기 및 기간 318

4. 연수내용 318

5. 보고사항 319

II. 집행관 보조 인력의 채용 319

III. 집행관 사무원의 교육 321

1. 목적 321

2. 교육시기 및 기간 321

3. 교육계획 321

4. 교육과목 322

5. 교육방법 및 강사위촉 322

제12절 집행관제도의 개선방안 323

I. 사안별 해결 323

1. 임명제도 323

2. 신분상 지위 324

3. 수수료제 325

4. 감독면 325

5. 관행적인 사무집행의 개선 326

6. 합동사무소 326

II. 절차적 측면에서의 문제 해결 327

1. 집행관제도 개혁의 방법론적 구상 329

2. 집행관 직무집행법규의 세칙화 332

III. 조직적 측면에서 문제의 해결 339

1. 집행업무의 민간으로 이양 339

2. 집행관 조직의 법원내부로의 편입 340

IV. 요약 343

제5장 결론 345

참고문헌 354

ABSTRACT 366

표목차

〈표 1-1〉 민사집행 종류별 사건 수 23

〈표 3-3-1〉 집행관 업무의 종류와 근거법규 158

〈표 3-3-2〉 독일 집행관의 수와 그 업무량 168

〈표 3-3-3〉 집행관 보수, 비용, 효율성 비교 169

〈표 3-3-4〉 비법관 공무원에 대한 기본급 172

〈표 3-3-5〉 성공보수 적용례 176

〈표 4-1〉 집행관의 소관 직무 269

〈표 4-3-1〉 집행관의 직무상 사항 관련 고소 또는 고발 사건 수 287

〈표 4-3-2〉 2005년부터 2011년 6월까지 전국 집행관 징계의 연도별 현황(파면, 면직, 정직, 과태료, 견책, 서면경고 주의촉구 등) 287

〈표 4-3-3〉 2005년부터 2011년 6월까지 전국 법원공무원 징계의 연도별 현황(파면, 면직, 정직, 과태료, 견책, 서면경고 주의촉구 등) 288

〈표 4-4-1〉 전국법원 집행관의 수 289

〈표 4-4-2〉 최근 5년간 전국 법원별 집행관 처리 사건수 290

〈표 4-7-1〉 (2010. 12. 31) 304

〈표 4-8-1〉 집행관 징계 등 처분 현황 308

〈표 4-8-2〉 2008년~2011년 7월 31일 법원별 집행관 징계 등 현황 308

〈표 4-12〉 집행관제도 개혁(안) 비교표 343

그림목차

[그림 1] 독일 법원의 종류와 심급구조 198

[그림 2] 함부르크 구법원 행정조직 221

[그림 3] 뒤스부르크 구법원 행정조직 223

[그림 4] (제목없음) 305

 In this dissertation I argued the problem of bailiff system and its improvement directions in Korea. The bailiff has different meaning under the jurisdiction. A bailiff (from Anglo-Norman baillis, baillif, from bail "custody, charge, office"; cf. bail) is a manager, overseer or custodian; a legal officer to whom some degree of authority, care or jurisdiction is committed. Bailiffs are of various kinds and their offices and duties vary greatly. The term was first applied in Norman England to the king's officers charged with local administrative authority, such as sheriffs, mayors, hundreders-the chief officer of a territorial hundred—and the first civil officers of the Channel Islands. The term eventually narrowed to refer to an officer of a hundred court, appointed by a sheriff, and who assisted judges at assizes, served process, executed writs, assembled juries, and collected fines in court. In this later role, the bailiff has essentially replaced the pre-Conquest office of scyldhæta (scultheta). Likewise, in Scotland a bailie was the chief magistrate of a barony (baron bailie) or part of a county, but now refers to a municipal officer corresponding to an English alderman. The district within which the bailiff exercises his jurisdiction is still called his bailiwick. The term bailiff is retained as a title by the chief magistrates of various towns and the keepers of royal castles, such as the High Bailiff of Westminster and the Bailiff of Dover Castle. Under the manorial system a bailiff of the manor represented the peasants to the lord, oversaw the lands and buildings of the manor, collected fines and rents, and managed the profits and expenses of the manor and farm. Bailiffs were outsiders and free men, that is, not from the village. Borough bailiffs would be in charge of the villagers in the town.

The office of bailiff was used in low countries and German-speaking lands such as Flanders, Zealand, the Netherlands, Hainault, and in northern France. Under the Ancien Régime in France, the bailli (earlier baillis), or bailie, was the king's chief officer in a bailiwick or bailiery (bailliage), serving as chief magistrate for boroughs and baronies, administrator, military organizer, and financial agent. In southern France the term generally used was sénéchal who held office in a sénéchaussée. The bailie convened a bailie court (cour baillivale) which was an itinerant court of first instance.

The administrative network of bailiwicks was established in the 13th century over the Crown lands (the domaine royal) by Philip Augustus. They were based on pre-existing tax collection districts (baillie) which had been in use in formerly sovereign territories, e.g., the Duchy of Normandy. Bailie courts, as royal courts, were made superior over existent local courts; these lower courts were called: (i) provost courts (prévôtés royales), sat by a provost (prévôt) appointed and paid by the bailie; (ii) Norman vicomtés, sat by a viscount (vicomte) (position could be held by non-nobles); (iii) elsewhere in northern France, châtellenies, sat by a castellan (châtelain) (position could be held by non-nobles); (iv) or, in the south, vigueries or baylies, sat by a viguier or bayle.

The bailie court was presided over by a lieutenant-bailie (lieutenant général du bailli). Bailie courts had appellate jurisdiction over lower courts (manorial courts, provost courts) but was the court of first instance for suits involving the nobility. Appeal of bailie court judgments lay in turn with the provincial Parliaments. In an effort to reduce the Parlements' caseload, several bailie courts were granted extended powers by Henry II of France and were thereafter called presidial courts (baillages présidiaux). Bailie and presidial courts were also the courts of first instance for certain crimes (previously the jurisdiction of manorial courts): sacrilege, treason, kidnapping, rape, heresy, money defacement, sedition, insurrection, and illegal bearing of weapons.

By the late 16th century, the bailie's role had become mostly symbolic, and the lieutenant-bailie was the only one to hear cases. The administrative and financial role of the bailie courts declined in the early modern period (superseded by the king's royal tax collectors and provincial governors, and later by intendants), and by the end of the 18th century, the bailiwicks, which numbered in the hundreds, had become purely judicial.

In medieval France court bailiffs did not exist as such, but their functions were carried out by several court officers. The ussier (modern huissier), or usher, originally the doorkeeper, kept order in the court. The somoneor (mod. semonneur), or court crier, adjourned and called the court to order and announced its orders or directions. The bedel (mod. bedeau), or beadle, was the court's messenger and served process, especially summonses (sumunse, somonse, mod. semonce). And finally the sergens (mod. sergent), or tipstaff, enforced judgments of the court, seized property, and made arrests. The tipstaff's badge of authority was his verge, or staff, made of ebony, about 30 cm long, decorated with copper or ivory, and mandatory after 1560.

The Parlement courts consolidated most of these functions in its tipstaff (varlet), and the rest of the court system followed suit as the tipstaff was given the broadest powers. During the Renaissance, the four officers were reduced to two - the huissier and sergent - who took on all these functions, with the distinction being that the huissier served in higher courts and sergent in bailie courts (sergent royal) and manorial courts (sergent de justice). In 1705 the two professions were fused by royal edict under the name huissier.

Civilian enforcement officers are employed by Her Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service and carry out enforcement for magistrates' courts - this mainly involves collection of unpaid fines given by the court and the execution of arrest warrants.

County court bailiffs are employed by Her Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service and carry out enforcement for county courts - mainly involving payment of unpaid county court judgments. They can seize and sell goods to recover a debt. They can also affect and supervise the possession of the property and the return of goods under hire purchase agreements, and serve court documents. They also execute arrest warrants and execute search warrants. Service of personal papers such as oral examinations and divorce papers can also aid the Tipstaff in their duties if necessary.

High Court Enforcement Officers are authorized by the Lord Chancellor to execute High Court writs. They can seize and sell goods to cover the amount of a debt owed. They can also enforce and supervise the possession of property and the return of goods. They replaced Sheriff's Officers in April 2004. Legislation relating the High Court Enforcement Officers includes the Sheriffs Act 1887, The High Court Enforcement Officers Regulations 2004 and the Courts Act 2003.

Unlike a County Court Bailiff, who is a civil servant, an HCEO is an Agent of the High Court appointed by the Lord Chancellor. In order to appoint and HCEO, a writ has to be obtained from the County Court, and be presented to the High Court. The debt must be over £600 and it cannot be one where judgement has been obtained for a debt owed under the Consumer Credit Act 1974.

Certificated bailiffs are employed by private companies and enforce a variety of debts on behalf of organizations such as local authorities. They can seize and sell goods to cover the amount of the debt owed. They also hold a certificate, which enables them, and them alone, to levy distress for rent, road traffic debts, council tax and non-domestic rates. Certificated bailiffs are required to gain peaceable entry into property before a levy of goods inside a property can take place. They cannot enforce the collection of money due under High Court or county court orders. Certificated Bailiffs are increasingly being used by Local Authroties and HMCTS to carry out the enforcement of both Bail and Non-Bail arrest warrants, this usually involves the Bailiff locating a wanted person and taking them into custody usually a Police Officer will be present to assit the Bailiff with the arrest and transportation of the prisioner to Court however this is not a legal requirement.

Non-certificated bailiff are employed by private companies and are entitled to recover the money owed for a variety of debts by seizing and selling goods but cannot levy distress for rent, road traffic debts, council tax or non-domestic rates, or enforce the collection of money due under High Court or county court orders.

All the above bailiffs will be replaced by enforcement agents when the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, comes into force. Water bailiffs also exist in England and Wales to police bodies of water and prevent illegal fishing. They are generally employees of the Environment Agency and are to be deemed as a Constable with the same powers and privilages for the purpose of the enforcement of the Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act 1975. Jury bailiffs are court ushers who monitor juries during their deliberations and during overnight stays.

In England & Wales, the bailiff of a franchise or liberty is the officer who executes writs and processes, and impanels juries within the franchise. He is appointed by the lord of such franchise (who, in the Sheriffs Act 1887, §34, is referred to as the bailiff of the franchise).

The bailiff of a sheriff is an under-officer employed by a sheriff within a county for the purpose of executing writs, processes, distraint and arrests. As a sheriff is liable for the acts of his officers acting under his warrant, his bailiffs are annually bound to him in an obligation with sureties for the faithful discharge of their office, and thence are called bound bailiffs. They are also often called 'bum-bailiffs', or, shortly, 'bums'. The origin of this word is uncertain; the New English Dictionary suggests that it is in allusion to the mode of catching the offender. Special bailiffs are officers appointed by the sheriff at the request of a plaintiff for the purpose of executing a particular process. The appointment of a special bailiff relieves the sheriff from all responsibility until the party is arrested and delivered into the sheriff's actual custody.

By the County Courts Act 1888, it is provided that there shall be one or more High Bailiffs, appointed by the judge and removable by the Lord Chancellor; and every person discharging the duties of high bailiff is empowered to appoint a sufficient number of able and fit persons as bailiffs to assist him, whom he can dismiss at his pleasure. The duty of the high bailiff is to serve all summonses and orders, and execute all the warrants, precepts and writs issued out of the court. The high bailiff is responsible for all the acts and defaults of himself, and of the bailiffs appointed to assist him, in the same way as a sheriff of a county is responsible for the acts and defaults of himself and his officers. By the same act (§49) bailiffs are answerable for any connivance, omission or neglect to levy any such execution. No action can be brought against a bailiff acting under order of the court without six days' notice (§52). Any warrant to a bailiff to give possession of a tenement justifies him in entering upon the premises named in the warrant, and giving possession, provided the entry be made between the hours of 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. (§142). The Law of Distress Amendment Act 1888 enacts that no person may act as a bailiff to levy any distress for rent, unless he is authorized by a County Court judge to act as a bailiff.

Many in the United States use the word bailiff colloquially to refer to a peace officer providing court security. More often, these court officers are sheriff's deputies, marshals, corrections officers or constables. The terminology varies among (and sometimes within) the several states. From its staff, the Court may appoint by court order bailiffs as peace officers, who shall have, during the stated terms of such appointment, such powers normally incident to police officers, including, but not limited to, the power to make arrests in a criminal case, provided that the exercise of such powers shall be limited to any building or real property maintained or used as a courthouse or in support of judicial functions. In rural areas, this responsibility is often carried out by the junior lawyer in training under the judge's supervision called a law clerk who also has the title of bailiff.

Whatever the name used, the agency providing court security is often charged with serving legal process and seizing and selling property (e.g., replevin or foreclosure). In some cases, the duties are separated between agencies in a given jurisdiction. For instance, a court officer may provide courtroom security in a jurisdiction where a sheriff handles service of process and seizures.

In the New York State Unified Court System, Court Officers, are responsible for providing security and enforcing the law in and around court houses. Under New York State penal code, they are classified as "peace officers." New York State Court Officers are able to carry firearms both on and off duty, and have the power to make warrantless arrests both on and off duty anywhere in the State of New York. They also have the authority to make traffic stops.

This dissertation spotted various issues regarding Korean bailiff system focusing on the disadvantages or problem and I compared those issues with other jurisdiction (i.e., United Kingdom, U.S., Germany, France, Japan). Especially, I proposed improvement plan including eligibility of bailiff, term of office, training and education, open the income, supervising method, electronic auction. Most of all, I believe the best policy concerning the innovation of bailiff system is bring the system to the judicial organization. Only this scheme can reformed and remove the ills. Hopefully, this research may ignite the issue on the revolutionary policy of the bailiff in Korea.