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I. 서론 13

1.1. 연구배경 및 목적 13

II. 이론적 배경 15

2.1. 유사 연구 동향 조사 15

2.1.1. 석탄의 회분 정제 방법 15

2.1.2. DCFC의 종류 및 개발 동향 17

2.2. 석탄의 분류 및 특성 25

2.3. DCFC 반응 메커니즘 28

2.4. DCFC 효율 계산 31

III. 실험 33

3.1. 무회분탄(ash-free coal) 제조 33

3.2. 실험장치 및 단위전지 구조 35

3.3. 연료 특성 분석 38

3.3.1. 열분해 및 가스화 생성물 분석 38

3.3.2. 기타 분석 40

IV. 결과 및 고찰 41

4.1. 고체 탄소 연료의 특성 분석 41

4.1.1. 공업분석, 원소분석, 발열량 분석 41

4.1.2. FT-IR 분석 45

4.1.3. XRD 분석 47

4.1.4. TGA 분석 49

4.2. 무회분탄의 DCFC 연료 적용 특성 51

4.2.1. DCFC의 장기 거동 특성 51

4.2.2. DCFC의 온도 의존성 53

4.2.3. 전해질 두께에 따른 DCFC 거동 특성 55

4.3. DCFC의 가스화 반응 적용 특성 57

4.3.1. DCFC의 열분해 반응 적용 57

4.3.2. DCFC의 증기 가스화 반응 적용 59

4.3.3. DCFC의 이산화탄소 가스화 반응 적용 66

4.4. DCFC의 다양한 탄소 연료 적용 특성 73

4.4.1. DCFC의 원탄 적용 특성 73

4.4.2. DCFC의 흑연 적용 특성 77

4.4.3. DCFC의 무회분탄 촉매 가스화 반응 적용 특성 80

V. 결론 84

참고문헌 87

ABSTRACT 94

표목차

Table 1. General characteristics of main fuel cell types 18

Table 2. DCFC comparison according to electrolyte materials 21

Table 3. Characteristics of various coals 26

Table 4. Fuel cell efficiency comparison with fuel types 32

Table 5. Proximate analysis and calorific value of Samhwa raw coal... 43

Table 6. Ultimate analysis of Samhwa raw coal and its ash-free coal 44

그림목차

Figure 1. The structure of (a) low rank coal (b) high rank... 27

Figure 2. The schematic of DCFC reaction mechanism. 30

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of solvent extraction (PG: pressure... 34

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of DCFC. 36

Figure 5. Picture and schematic view of a regular unit cell. 37

Figure 6. Schematic of a no-contact unit cell 37

Figure 7. Quartz reactor for coal gasification. 39

Figure 8. FT-IR spectra of ash-free coal and carbon black. 46

Figure 9. XRD patterns of ash-free coal and carbon black. 48

Figure 10. TGA analysis of ash-free coal and raw coal. 50

Figure 11. Long term behavior of DCFC fueled ash-free coal at 950 ℃... 52

Figure 12. Temperature dependence of power density at 800~950 ℃... 54

Figure 13. Temperature dependence of power density of DCFC made... 56

Figure 14. Long term behavior of DCFC fueled only gas from... 58

Figure 15. Effect of steam gasification of ash-free coal on DCFC... 60

Figure 16. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of ash-free coal in... 62

Figure 17. QMS of gasification of ash-free coal: (a) H₂ (b) CO. 63

Figure 18. GC analysis of steam gasification of ash-free coal at 950 ℃. 65

Figure 19. Effect of CO₂ gasification of ash-free coal on DCFC... 67

Figure 20. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of ash-free coal in... 69

Figure 21. CO profile through TG-IR analysis of ash-free coal... 70

Figure 22. GC analysis of CO₂ gasification of ash-free coal at 950 ℃. 72

Figure 23. Power density of DCFC fueled raw coal at 950 ℃ (a) Long... 75

Figure 24. GC analysis of gasification of raw coal at 950 ℃. 76

Figure 25. Power density of DCFC fueled graphite at 950 ℃ (a) Long... 78

Figure 26. GC analysis of gasification of graphite at 950 ℃. 79

Figure 27. Power density of DCFC fueled ash-free coal with 10 wt%... 82

Figure 28. GC analysis of gasification of ash-free coal with 10 wt%... 83

초록보기

 Carbon-rich coal can be utilized as a fuel for DCFC. However, left-behind ashes in coal that stack up may hinder the electrochemical reactions.

In this study, we produced ash-free coal (AFC) by using a thermal extraction method and then characterized it using ultimate/proximate analysis, FT-IR and XRD. Also, the parent raw coal, carbon black and graphite were characterized. According to analysis results, coals (AFC and raw coal) contained more functional groups than carbon black and graphite, indicating that coals would be more reactive at anode.

DCFC was built using a YSZ, electrolyte and then the electrochemical performance of various fuels (AFC, raw coal, carbon black and graphite) was compared with one another. AFC performs better than the other fuels with regard to the power density and durability, which seems to be related to the concentration of pyrolyzed gases as well as the electrochemical reactivity of the solid fuels. When each fuel is internally gasified with steam or carbon dioxide, the power density was improved by 1.3~10 times, compared to N₂ pyrolysis environment. These results indicates that internal gasification of carbon fuel increases the power density because gaseous fuels (H₂, CO) are produced via coal-water, water-gas shift and Boudouard reaction.

When AFC with K₂CO₃ are compared to AFC without catalyst, an increase of the power density is shown by catalytic pyrolysis. Significantly more fuel gases are evolved by catalytic steam gasification of AFC in the presence of K₂CO₃, showing that a catalyst activates the steam gasification reactions producing more H₂ and CO.

The power density of AFC is strongly temperature dependent, increasing with temperature. A thin YSZ (30 ㎛) exhibits higher power density than a thick one (1 mm).

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