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1. 서론 15

1.1. 연구 배경 및 동향 15

1.2. 연구 범위 및 내용 20

2. 기초 이론 22

2.1. 파쇄도 분석 방법 22

2.2. 입체 영상 정합을 이용한 3차원 정보 복원 이론 24

2.2.1. 공액 기하 24

2.2.2. 영상 정합 기법 31

2.2.3. 블록 매칭 32

2.2.4. 시차 지도를 이용한 3차원 공간 재현 35

2.3. 파쇄도 분석을 위한 영상 분할 이론 37

2.4. 패턴 인식을 이용한 자료 분류 41

3. 2차원 영상을 이용한 파쇄도 분석 43

3.1. 영상 획득 장비 43

3.2. 2차원 파쇄도 분석 방법 44

3.3. 평면배치에 대한 파쇄도 분석 46

3.4. 더미배치에 대한 파쇄도 분석 50

3.5. 결과 분석 54

4. 3차원 블록 분할 자동화 기법을 이용한 파쇄도 분석 기법 개발 59

4.1 입체사진측량기법을 이용한 3차원 파쇄도 분석 59

4.1.1. 3차원 정보 복원 59

4.1.2. 평면배치에 대한 3차원 파쇄도 분석 60

4.1.3. 통계적 파쇄도 분석 과정 64

4.1.4. 입력 자료 개선 66

4.1.5. 더미배치에 대한 통계적 파쇄도 분석 70

4.1.6. 결과 분석 및 고찰 90

4.2. 블록 분할 알고리듬 구성 93

4.2.1. 전처리 95

4.2.2. 블록 찾기 101

4.2.3. 사용자 입력을 통한 블록 찾기 110

4.2.4. 블록 정보 분석 115

4.3. 개발 기법의 통합 117

5. 개발 기법의 적용성 평가 119

5.1. 평면배치에 대한 적용 119

5.2. 더미배치에 대한 적용 126

5.3. 평가 결과 고찰 137

6. 결론 141

참고문헌 144

Abstract 153

List of Tables

Table 3.1. Camera specification, Nikon D200 43

Table 3.2. Lens specification, Nikon AF-S DX 18-70㎜ (f/3.5-4.5G IF-ED) 44

Table 3.3. Errors between the water tank measurement and the Split Desktop analysis for scattered blocks 58

Table 3.4. Errors between the water tank measurement and the Split Desktop analysis for heaped blocks 58

Table 4.1. Errors between the water tank measurement and the PhotoModeler... 64

Table 4.2. Errors of surface blocks in heaped blocks 69

Table 4.3. Errors between the water tank measurement and the SBE for... 74

Table 4.4. Errors between the SBE and the water tank measurement: Field 1 89

Table 4.5. Errors between the SBE and the water tank measurement: Field 2 89

Table 4.6. Errors between the SBE and the water tank measurement: Field 3 89

Table 5.1. Errors between the water tank measurement and the BDA for... 124

Table 5.2. Errors between the integrated algorithm and the water tank... 130

Table 5.3. Errors between the integrated algorithm and the PhotoModeler Scanner analysis : Field 1 136

Table 5.4. Errors between the integrated algorithm and the PhotoModeler Scanner analysis : Field 2 136

Table 5.5. Errors between the integrated algorithm and the PhotoModeler Scanner analysis : Field 3 136

Table 5.6. Delineated rate using the Block Delineation Algorithm 140

List of Figures

Fig. 2.1. General type of photography 26

Fig. 2.2. Epipolar geometry 26

Fig. 2.3. Scale-induced distortion 28

Fig. 2.4. Axial rotation 29

Fig. 2.5. Photographing condition for a stereo-image 31

Fig. 2.6. Coordinate determination using the ratio of similitude 36

Fig. 2.7. First-order derivative operators for an edge detection 39

Fig. 2.8. Laplacian filters 40

Fig. 2.9. Derivatives of an edge function 40

Fig. 3.1. Flowchart in Split Desktop 45

Fig. 3.2. Scattered blocks of different arrangements 47

Fig. 3.3. Delineation results using Split Desktop for scattered blocks 48

Fig. 3.4. Size distributions using Split Desktop for scattered blocks 49

Fig. 3.5. Heaped blocks of different arrangements 51

Fig. 3.6. Delineation results using Split Desktop for heaped blocks 52

Fig. 3.7. Size distributions using Split Desktop for heaped blocks 53

Fig. 3.8. Size distributions from the water tank measurement and the Split Desktop analysis for scattered blocks 55

Fig. 3.9. Size distributions from the water tank measurement and the Split Desktop analysis for scattered blocks 56

Fig. 4.1. Flowchart in PhotoModeler Scanner 60

Fig. 4.2. Modeling images using a PhotoModeler Scanner for scattered blocks 61

Fig. 4.3. Size distributions from the water tank measurement and the... 62

Fig. 4.4. Procedure for the Surface Based Estimation, SBE 65

Fig. 4.5. Distorted estimation result using improper input parameters 66

Fig. 4.6. Possible source of error of heaped blocks 69

Fig. 4.7. Modeling images using a PhotoModeler Scanner for heaped blocks 71

Fig. 4.8. Frequency count of surface blocks analyzed with a PhotoModeler... 72

Fig. 4.9. Size distributions from the SBE and the water tank measurement without the improvement of input parameters for heaped blocks 75

Fig. 4.10. Size distributions from the SBE and the water tank measurement with the improvement of input parameters for heaped blocks 76

Fig. 4.11. Muckpile in the field 78

Fig. 4.12. Modeling images using a PhotoModeler Scanner for a muckpile in... 79

Fig. 4.13. 3D modeling for an individual block 81

Fig. 4.14. Frequency count of surface blocks analyzed with a PhotoModeler... 82

Fig. 4.15. Size distributions from the SBE and the water tank measurement... 85

Fig. 4.16. Size distributions from the SBE and the water tank measurement... 87

Fig. 4.17. Basic concept of the proposed algorithm 94

Fig. 4.18. Mesh reconstruction 97

Fig. 4.19. Peak detection 97

Fig. 4.20. Peak detection results according to the size of the area of interest 100

Fig. 4.21. Data inside the area of interest 103

Fig. 4.22. Data of interest after rotation 103

Fig. 4.23. Data before refinement 105

Fig. 4.24. Block-shape refinement 105

Fig. 4.25. Cutting at the valley 107

Fig. 4.26. Block data delineated using the Block Delineation Algorithm 108

Fig. 4.27. Cases where the proposed algorithm is not applied 111

Fig. 4.28. Method for inner point identification 112

Fig. 4.29. Block boundary decision in the manual analysis process 113

Fig. 4.30. Case where the block volume is overestimated 116

Fig. 4.31. Flowchart of the integrated algorithm 118

Fig. 5.1. Description of the Block Delineation Algorithm result 121

Fig. 5.2. Example image of the Block Delineation Algorithm results 123

Fig. 5.3. Size distributions from the water tank measurement and the BDA... 125

Fig. 5.4. Frequency count of surface blocks analyzed with the BDA for heaped blocks 128

Fig. 5.5. Size distributions from the integrated algorithm and the water tank... 129

Fig. 5.6. Frequency count of surface blocks analyzed with the BDA for a muckpile in the field 132

Fig. 5.7. Size distributions from the integrated algorithm and the... 134

참고문헌 (57건) : 자료제공( 네이버학술정보 )

참고문헌 목록에 대한 테이블로 번호, 참고문헌, 국회도서관 소장유무로 구성되어 있습니다.
번호 참고문헌 국회도서관 소장유무
1 Application of Digital Photogrammetry to Dinosaur Tracks from the Namhae Gain-ri Tracksite 소장
2 암반 절리의 기하학적 특성 분석을 위한 디지털 사진측량기법의 개발 소장
3 Rock Joint Survey System by image Processing and Stereophotogrammetry 소장
4 상부하중과 사면형태에 따른 굴착면의 요철 및 파쇄도에 관한 연구 소장
5 A Study on Measurement of Rock Joint Roughness Using the Digital Photogrammetry 소장
6 2007, 인공신경망을 이용한 터널의 변형률 예측기법, 공학박사학위논문, 경북대학교 대학원. 미소장
7 2001, 영상처리기법에 의한 발파파쇄암의 파쇄도측정, 화약발파학회지, 제 2권, pp. 5-18. 미소장
8 수치사진측량을 이용한 지형공간정보 추출 네이버 미소장
9 1996, 액체의 미립화, 민음사. 미소장
10 2000, 손등 정맥패턴 추출알고리즘 개발과 이를 이용한 생체인식 시스템 구현, 공학박사학위논문, 고려대학교 대학원. 미소장
11 문화재 보존을 위한 정밀 3차원 모니터링 네이버 미소장
12 Extraction of Information on Road Surface Using Digital Video Camera 소장
13 2006, 절취사면에 대한DB 구축 및 붕괴 예측기법 개발, 소방방재청 보고서. 미소장
14 2003, 상용 디지털카메라에 의한 3차원 측정의 정확도 분석, 한국측량학회 추계학술발표회 논문집, pp. 153-156. 미소장
15 천공패턴과 암반조건 변화가 파쇄도와 진동수준에 미치는 영향 연구 소장
16 벤치발파에서 암석 파쇄도에 영향을 미치는 요인 분석과 파쇄도 예측 모델 개발 소장
17 1997, 채석 및 석재가공 기술연구 2, 한국지질자원연구원 보고서. 미소장
18 Estimation of Blast Fragmentation using Stereophotogrammetry 소장
19 1999, 패턴인식 개론, 한빛미디어. 미소장
20 유전알고리즘을 이용한 암반 등급의 지구통계학적 최적 분포 예측 소장
21 Estimation of the size distribution of particles moving on a conveyor belt 네이버 미소장
22 2009, Speech Recognition by Machine, International Journal of Computer Science & Information Security, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 181-205. 미소장
23 2008, A Tool for Real-Time Prediction of Daily Weather Data Realizations Based on a Modified k-nearest Neighbor Approach, Environmental Modelling & Software, Vol. 23, pp. 703-713. 미소장
24 Digital image-based numerical modeling method for prediction of inhomogeneous rock failure 네이버 미소장
25 1996, Optical Fragmentation Assessment, Proceedings of the Fragblast-5 Workshop on Measurement of Blast Fragmentation, pp. 13-19. 미소장
26 Use of Digital Terrestrial Photogrammetry in rocky slope stability analysis by Distinct Elements Numerical Methods 네이버 미소장
27 1996, The Split System for Analyzing the Size Distribution of Fragmented Rock, Proceedings of the Fragblast-5 Workshop on Measurement of Blast Fragmentation, pp. 101-108. 미소장
28 A case for terrestrial photogrammetry in deep-mine rock structure studies 네이버 미소장
29 Statistical Estimation of Blast Fragmentation by applying Stereophotogrammetry to Block Piles, International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, Vol. 68, pp. 150-158. 미소장
30 2007, Photogrammetry, Walter de Gruyter. 미소장
31 2001, Improvements in Blast Fragmentation Models using Digital Image Processing, Proceedings of the 38th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics, pp. 213-216. 미소장
32 1996, Blast Fragmentation Measurement using GoldSize, Proceedings of the Fragblast-5 Workshop on Measurement of Blast Fragmentation, pp. 83-89. 미소장
33 2008, Recognition of Degraded Characters using Dynamic Bayesian Networks, Pattern Recognition, Vol. 41, pp. 3092-3103. 미소장
34 1996, Validation of FragScan, WipFrag, Split, Proceedings of the Fragblast-5 Workshop on Measurement of Blast Fragmentation, pp. 151-155. 미소장
35 1989, Photographic Determination of Oversize Particles in Heaps of Blasted Rock, Journal of the South African Institute of Mining & Metallurgy, Vol. 89, No. 5, pp. 147-152. 미소장
36 1987, Measurement of Rock Fragmentation by Digital Photoanalysis, Proceedings of the 6th International Society for Rock Mechanics Congress, pp. 687-692 미소장
37 1996, WipFrag Image Based Granulometry System, Proceedings of the Fragblast-5 Workshop on Measurement of Blast Fragmentation, pp. 91-99. 미소장
38 1998, Optical Digital Fragmentation Measuring Systems, International Journal for Blasting & Fragmentation, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 415-431. 미소장
39 2010, Introduction to Digital Image Processing with Matlab, Cengage Learning. 미소장
40 2009, Control of Rock Fragmentation and Muck Pile Geometry during Production Blasts, Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting: Fragblast 9, pp. 277-286. 미소장
41 2006, The Latest in on-line Fragmentation Measurement - Stereo Imaging over a Conveyor, Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting: Fragblast 8, pp. 61-66. 미소장
42 A study of the application of digital photogrammetry to slope monitoring systems 네이버 미소장
43 Fragmentation assessment and design of blast pattern at Goltas Limestone Quarry, Turkey 네이버 미소장
44 2000, Elements of Photogrammetry, McGraw-Hill. 미소장
45 Neural Networks for Handwritten English Alphabet Recognition 네이버 미소장
46 2000, A Semi-automated Methodology for Discontinuity Trace Detection in Digital Images of Rock Mass Exposures, International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, Vol. 37, No. 7, pp. 1073-1089. 미소장
47 2001, Pattern Classification, John Wiley & Sons. 미소장
48 Drop-size distribution characteristics of spill-return atomizers 네이버 미소장
49 2009, Measurement of Size Distribution of Blasted Rock using Digital Image Processing, Engineering Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 81-93. 미소장
50 1970, A Method of Calculating the Fragment-Size Composition of Blasted Rock from the Given Oversize Fragmentation Dimension, Mining-Metallurgical Institute, Vol. 1, pp. 72-79. 미소장
51 Comparison of Fragmentation Measurements by Photographic and Image Analysis Techniques 네이버 미소장
52 Automated online measurement of limestone particle size distributions using 3D range data 네이버 미소장
53 1990, Study of the Rock Mass Discontinuity System using Photoanalysis, Proceedings of International Conference on Mechanics of Jointed and Faulted Rock, pp. 103-112. 미소장
54 Automatic crack monitoring using photogrammetry and image processing 네이버 미소장
55 1986, The Estimation of Fragmentation in Blast Muckpiles by means of Standard Photographs, Journal of the South African Institute of Mining & Metallurgy, Vol. 86, No. 12, pp. 469-474. 미소장
56 Numerical simulation of hydration and microstructural development in hardening cement-based materials (I) theory 네이버 미소장
57 Image analysis of multiple rock fractures 네이버 미소장