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Title Page

ABSTRACT

Contents

Chapter 1. Introduction and Motivation 10

1.1. Research Background 11

1.2. Research Aim and Method 14

1.3. Thesis Structure 15

Chapter 2. DESIGN OF EVERYDAY THINGS 17

2.1. Problem Of Everyday Things 18

2.1.1. The concept of affordance 18

2.1.2. How to afford people? Affording with feedforward 21

2.1.3. Inherited attributes of feedforward 25

2.2. Context-aware In Microinteractions 25

2.2.1. Microinteractions: Focus on one little moment 25

2.2.2. Context-aware: Explicit and implicit interaction 26

2.2.3. Action states of the system 28

2.2.4. Domain of context-aware in microinteractions 30

Chapter 3. Case 1: The Previewable Light Switch 33

3.1. The Previewable Light Switch 34

3.2. Experiment 35

3.2.1. System implementation 35

3.2.2. Test structure and environment 36

3.3. Result 37

3.3.1. Performance evaluation result 38

3.3.2. Observation and interview 39

Chapter 4. Case 2: The Previewable Gas Stove 41

4.1. The Previewable Gas Stove 42

4.2. Experiment 43

4.2.1. System implementation 44

4.2.2. Test structure and environment 45

4.3. Result 48

4.3.1. Performance evaluation result 48

4.3.2. Observation and interview 52

Chapter 5. General Discussion 57

5.1. User Behavior 58

5.1.1. Spatial mapping 58

5.1.2. User perception of time and action 59

5.1.3. Action states 61

5.1.4. Manipulation techniques 64

5.2. Design Implication 66

5.2.1. Efficiency and feedforward 66

5.2.2. Power relation 68

5.2.3. Complex life and complex interaction 69

5.2.4. Design guide of feedforward in context-aware of microinteractions 70

5.2.5. Context-aware in microinteractions with feedforward: Nunchi 72

Chapter 6. Conclusion 76

Reference 79

Resume 84

List of Tables

Table 2-1. Affordance Types. 19

Table 3-1. Experiment condition and structure 36

Table 3-2. Experiment set within the Random and Fixed condition. 37

Table 4-1. Primary test for exploring effectiveness 46

Table 4-2. Eye tracking test for exploring user eye behavior 48

Table 5-1. Perceptual state of action, purpose of action, and mistake in the Previewable Gas Stove case study. 60

List of Figures

Figure 1-1. Example of classic user interface problem, light switch (a) and gas stove (b). 12

Figure 2-1. Norman's Stages of Action Model basis adapted action states model (annotation by Hartson (Hartson 2003) left... 21

Figure 2-2. An overview of how perceived affordance. feedforward and feedback can be explained using Hartson's four... 23

Figure 2-3. Examples of feedforward in gestural interface: OctoPocus (Bau et al. n.d.), and ShadowGuides (Freeman et al. 24

Figure 2-4. Examples of micro interactions. 26

Figure 2-5. States of action comparison between Norman's and action model of the system. 29

Figure 2-6. GALAXY S4's Air View provides preview of hidden information on the process of user's action. Assume... 30

Figure 3-1. The three-states mode of the Previewable Light Switch (a) and the experiment prototype implementation (b). 34

Figure 3-2. Implementation of the Previewable Light Switch (top) and test room (bottom). 35

Figure 3-3. Task completion time for 2, 3, 4, and 6 switches in Fixed subject group (a) and Random subject group (b). 38

Figure 3-4. The error rates of the conventional switch for 2, 3, 4, and 6 switches in Fixed subject group (a) and Random... 39

Figure 3-5. Two user manipulation techniques 40

Figure 4-1. The states of Previewable Gas Stove control knob: t indicates time and d indicates information details provided... 43

Figure 4-2. Implementation of the Previewable Gas Stove. 44

Figure 4-3. Result of task completion time and error by mean of mistakenly control and accidentally touched. 49

Figure 4-4. Result of QUESI. higher the score the better usability. 49

Figure 4-5. Comparison between first 3 trials task completion time and last 3 trials task completion time. 50

Figure 4-6. Score of each QUESI scales (a; higher the score the better usability). and Standard deviation (b). 52

Figure 4-7. Users tried to configure mapping of the system with pointing during intermission of trials. 53

Figure 4-8. Result of eye tracking experiment in the Previewable Gas Stove case study. Figure illustrates users' eye behavior... 56

Figure 5-1. States of action cycle of the case study 1: the Previewable Light Switch. The conventional system (left) and the... 61

Figure 5-2. States of action cycle of the case study 2: the Previewable Gas Stove. The touchable system (a) and the hoverable... 62

Figure 5-3. Two user manipulation techniques 65

Figure 5-4. Interaction implicit supporter butler from the movie the Butler. 73

초록보기

A light switch and its spatial mapping constitute an unsolved, user interface problem introduced to the realm of Human Computer Interaction by Norman. In this thesis, the author integrates the concept of feedforward and context-aware in microinteractions, an approach to resolve the problem of everyday things. The thesis demonstrates benefit of the concept by presenting two case studies: The Previewable Light Switch and the Previewable Gas Stove. The Previewable Light Switch is a light switch enhanced with a touch sensor with an ability to provide a user a glimpse of which lights will turn on/off prior to compressing the switch. And the Previewable Gas Stove is a gas stove control knob that is enhanced by touch sensing technique based on capacitive sensors and distance sensing technique using infrared sensors, which provides resemblance effect as the Previewable Light Switch. Such concept of communicating a result prior to taking an action is known as feedforward. Feedforward is an important element to be considered in the user interface design as it provides clear and instant information of what will occur before the next action. The author presents the findings from the case studies regarding with user behavior and spatial mapping. And it concludes with a discussion about the effect of Nunchi as in design implication of the user interface.

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