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국회도서관 홈으로 정보검색 소장정보 검색

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Title Page

ABSTRACT

Contents

INTRODUCTION 8

MATERIALS AND METHODS 9

Cell line and Cell Culture 9

Irradiation 9

Reagents and Antibodies 9

Plate Colony Forming Assay 9

Western Blot Analysis 10

Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR 10

Confocal Microscopy 10

RFP-LC3 Plasmid Transfection 11

Silencing of Beclin1 and MT3 genes 11

Lysosomal Enzyme Activity Assays 11

Statistics 12

RESULTS 13

Irradiation indnces autophagy in GL261 cells 13

Inhibition of autophagy decreases GL261 cell survival after irradiation 13

siRNA knockdown of Mt3 attenuates autophagy flux and decreases GL261 cell survival after irradiation 17

Elevation of cytosolic zinc levels by irradiation, which is attenuated by Mt3 knockdown 17

Depletion of labile zinc attenuates autophagy flux and decreases GL261 cell survival after irradiation 21

Mt3 knockdown and zinc depletion accelerate accumulation of functioning lysosomal enzymes in GL261 cells after irradiation, and inhibition of lysosomal enzymes decreases cell survival after irradiation 21

DISCUSSION 26

CONCLUSIONS 31

REFERENCES 32

국문요약 43

List of Figures

Fig. 1. Induction of autophagy in GL261 cells by irradiation. 14

Fig. 2. Inhibition of autophagy decreases GL261 cell survival after irradiation. 16

Fig. 3. siRNA knockdown of Mt3 attenuates autophagy flux and decreases GL261 cell... 18

Fig. 4. Elevation of cytosolic zinc levels by irradiation, which is attenuated by Mt3 knockdown 20

Fig. 5. Depletion of labile zinc attenuates autophagy flux and decreases GL261 cell... 22

Fig. 6. Mt3 knockdown and zinc depletion accelerate accumulation of functioning... 24

Fig. 7. A concept diagram for stage-dependent function of autophagy in tumorigenesis. 28

초록보기

신경교종을 포함한 다양한 종류의 암종에서 자가포식은 종양의 발생과 진행뿐만 아니라 암세포의 저항성에 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서 저자들은 GL261 신경교종세포의 방사선에 대한 자가포식 반응에 있어서 중추신경계에서 주로 발현하는 아연 결합 단백질로서 성상세포의 자가포식을 조절하는 것으로 알려진 메탈로티오네인-3 (Mt3)의 역할에 대해 고찰하였다. GL261 세포에서 방사선 처치 후 자가포식 표지자인 LC3-II 의 증가와 함께 RFP-LC3 양성 소포양 반점의 유의한 증가가 관찰되었으며, 이러한 변화가 bafilomycin Al (Baf) 처리 후 증폭됨으로써 방사선 처치로 인해 자가포식 흐름이 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 방사선에 의해 유도된 자가포식이 세포 생존에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 세포를 자가포식 억제제인 Baf 혹은 3-methyladenine으로 처리하거나 beclin1에 대한 siRNA 로 트랜스펙션시킨 후 방사선 처치를 하였다. 군락 형성 분석에서 약물이나 beclin1 siRNA 를 처리한 세포의 생존이 방사선 처치 후 모두 유의하게 감소하였으나, 방사선 처치를 안 한 경우에는 감소하지 않았다. 다음으로, 방사선에 의해 유도되는 자가포식에서 Mt3 의 역할을 알아보기 위해 siRNA 를 이용하여 Mt3 의 발현을 하향 조절하였다. Mt3 녹다운에 의해 방사선 처치 후 LC3-II 및 p62 가 증가함으로써 자가포식 과정이 자가포식소체 형성 단계의 원위부에서 차단됨을 알 수 있었다. 공초점 현미경 검사상 Mt3 siRNA 로 트랜스펙션된 세포에서 방사선 처치 후 RFP-LC3 와 LysoTracker 의 형광이 유의하게 축적됨으로써 자식포 (autophagic vacuole)의 분해가 상당히 저하되었음을 알 수 있었다. 방사선 처치 후 Mt3 siRNA 로 트랜스펙션된 세포의 생존 역시 음성 조절군에 비해 감소하였다. FluoZin-3 과 LysoTracker 를 이용한 이중 염색 후 공초점 현미경 검사에서 방사선 처치 후 세포 내 아연의 증가와 함께 이것이 대부분 산성 자식포에 분포함을 알 수 있었으며, 이러한 변화는 Mt3 녹다운에 의해 현저히 저하되었고 이는 tetrakis [(2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine] (TPEN) 처리한 경우에서와 유사하였다. 세포를 TPEN 으로 처리하여 아연을 감소시킨 후 방사선 처치를 하였을 때 자가포식 흐름의 현저한 감소와 함께 세포 생존의 감소가 관찰됨으로써 이러한 반응에서 아연이 중요한 역할을 하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과는 신경교종자가포식의 생물학적 기전에 대한 새로운 이해를 바탕으로 아연과 Mt3 가 신경교종의 방사선 저항성을 극복하는데 있어서 치료의 표적이 될 수 있음을 제시한다.

참고문헌 (98건) : 자료제공( 네이버학술정보 )

참고문헌 목록에 대한 테이블로 번호, 참고문헌, 국회도서관 소장유무로 구성되어 있습니다.
번호 참고문헌 국회도서관 소장유무
1 Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. 네이버 미소장
2 Survival of patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma treated with radiation and temozolomide in research studies in the United States. 네이버 미소장
3 Cost of migration: invasion of malignant gliomas and implications for treatment. 네이버 미소장
4 Mechanisms of chemoresistance to alkylating agents in malignant glioma. 네이버 미소장
5 Survival of the fittest: cancer stem cells in therapeutic resistance and angiogenesis. 네이버 미소장
6 Autophagy as a cell death and tumor suppressor mechanism. 네이버 미소장
7 The autophagic paradox in cancer therapy. 네이버 미소장
8 Protein and mRNA expression of autophagy gene Beclin 1 in human brain tumours. 네이버 미소장
9 Reduced expression of LC3B-II and Beclin 1 in glioblastoma multiforme indicates a down-regulated autophagic capacity that relates to the progression of astrocytic tumors. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2010;17(12):1515-9. 미소장
10 Induction of autophagy and inhibition of tumorigenesis by beclin 1. 네이버 미소장
11 Cloning and Genomic Organization of Beclin 1, a Candidate Tumor Suppressor Gene on Chromosome 17q21 네이버 미소장
12 Association of autophagy defect with a malignant phenotype and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. 네이버 미소장
13 Tissue-specific autophagy alterations and increased tumorigenesis in mice deficient in Atg4C/autophagin-3. 네이버 미소장
14 Beclin 1 and LC3 autophagic gene expression in cutaneous melanocytic lesions 네이버 미소장
15 LC3A-Positive Light Microscopy Detected Patterns of Autophagy and Prognosis in Operable Breast Carcinomas 네이버 미소장
16 Immunohistochemical expression of MAP1LC3A and MAP1LC3B protein in breast carcinoma tissues. 네이버 미소장
17 Beclin 1 over- and underexpression in colorectal cancer: distinct patterns relate to prognosis and tumour hypoxia 네이버 미소장
18 Relative down‐regulation of apoptosis and autophagy genes in colorectal cancer 네이버 미소장
19 LC3, an autophagosome marker, is highly expressed in gastrointestinal cancers. 네이버 미소장
20 Light-Chain 3A Autophagic Activity and Prognostic Significance in Non-small Cell Lung Carcinomas 네이버 미소장
21 Overexpression and altered subcellular localization of autophagy-related 16-like 1 in human oral squamous-cell carcinoma: correlation with lymphovascular invasion and lymph-node metastasis 네이버 미소장
22 Autophagy is activated in pancreatic cancer cells and correlates with poor patient outcome 네이버 미소장
23 Association and dissociation of autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis by systematic chemical study. 네이버 미소장
24 Targeting autophagy during cancer therapy to improve clinical outcomes 네이버 미소장
25 Induction of autophagy by drug-resistant esophageal cancer cells promotes their survival and recovery following treatment with chemotherapeutics 네이버 미소장
26 BH3-only proteins and BH3 mimetics induce autophagy by competitively disrupting the interaction between Beclin 1 and Bcl-2/Bcl-X(L). 네이버 미소장
27 Arginine deiminase as a novel therapy for prostate cancer induces autophagy and caspase-independent apoptosis. 네이버 미소장
28 Celecoxib-induced apoptosis is enhanced by ABT-737 and by inhibition of autophagy in human colorectal cancer cells. 네이버 미소장
29 The epidermal growth factor receptor antibody cetuximab induces autophagy in cancer cells by downregulating HIF-1alpha and Bcl-2 and activating the beclin 1/hVps34 complex. 네이버 미소장
30 Autophagy inhibition and antimalarials promote cell death in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). 네이버 미소장
31 The Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitor INNO-406 induces autophagy and different modes of cell death execution in Bcr-Abl-positive leukemias 네이버 미소장
32 Proteasome inhibition: A new therapeutic strategy to cancer treatment 네이버 미소장
33 Perifosine inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin signaling through facilitating degradation of major components in the mTOR axis and induces autophagy. 네이버 미소장
34 Akt and Autophagy Cooperate to Promote Survival of Drug-Resistant Glioma 네이버 미소장
35 A natural BH3 mimetic induces autophagy in apoptosis-resistant prostate cancer via modulating Bcl-2-Beclin1 interaction at endoplasmic reticulum. 네이버 미소장
36 Targeted Activation of Innate Immunity for Therapeutic Induction of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Melanoma Cells 네이버 미소장
37 c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation is essential for DRAM-dependent induction of autophagy and apoptosis in 2-methoxyestradiol-treated Ewing sarcoma cells. 네이버 미소장
38 PERK-dependent regulation of ceramide synthase 6 and thioredoxin play a key role in mda-7/IL-24-induced killing of primary human glioblastoma multiforme cells. 네이버 미소장
39 Autophagy upregulation by inhibitors of caspase-3 and mTOR enhances radiotherapy in a mouse model of lung cancer. 네이버 미소장
40 Sodium selenite induces superoxide-mediated mitochondrial damage and subsequent autophagic cell death in malignant glioma cells. 네이버 미소장
41 A Molecule Targeting VHL-Deficient Renal Cell Carcinoma that Induces Autophagy 네이버 미소장
42 The pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor (-)-gossypol triggers autophagic cell death in malignant glioma. 네이버 미소장
43 Autophagy inhibition radiosensitizes in vitro, yet reduces radioresponses in vivo due to deficient immunogenic signalling. 네이버 미소장
44 Radiation-induced autophagy is associated with LC3 and its inhibition sensitizes malignant glioma cells. 네이버 미소장
45 Blocked autophagy sensitizes resistant carcinoma cells to radiation therapy. 네이버 미소장
46 The induction of autophagy by gamma-radiation contributes to the radioresistance of glioma stem cells. 네이버 미소장
47 The role of autophagy in sensitizing malignant glioma cells to radiation therapy 네이버 미소장
48 A Switch Between Cytoprotective and Cytotoxic Autophagy in the Radiosensitization of Breast Tumor Cells by Chloroquine and Vitamin D 네이버 미소장
49 Autophagy 네이버 미소장
50 Different involvement of autophagy in human malignant glioma cell lines undergoing irradiation and temozolomide combined treatments. 네이버 미소장
51 Potential therapeutic applications of autophagy 네이버 미소장
52 Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy 네이버 미소장
53 Metallothionein‐3 regulates lysosomal function in cultured astrocytes under both normal and oxidative conditions 네이버 미소장
54 Current review of in vivo GBM rodent models: emphasis on the CNS-1 tumour model 네이버 미소장
55 Oxidative injury triggers autophagy in astrocytes: the role of endogenous zinc. 네이버 미소장
56 Roles of zinc and metallothionein-3 in oxidative stress-induced lysosomal dysfunction, cell death, and autophagy in neurons and astrocytes 네이버 미소장
57 Methylation silencing of ULK2, an autophagy gene, is essential for astrocyte transformation and tumor growth. 네이버 미소장
58 Autophagy variation within a cell population determines cell fate through selective degradation of Fap-1. 네이버 미소장
59 The role of zinc in selective neuronal death after transient global cerebral ischemia. 네이버 미소장
60 The neurobiology of zinc in health and disease. 네이버 미소장
61 Zinc and Brain Injury 네이버 미소장
62 Zinc toxicity on cultured cortical neurons: Involvement of N-methyl- d-aspartate receptors 네이버 미소장
63 Essential cellular regulatory elements of oxidative stress in early and late phases of apoptosis in the central nervous system. 네이버 미소장
64 Neuronal and glial apoptosis in human traumatic brain injury 네이버 미소장
65 Astrocyte metabolism and signaling during brain ischemia. 네이버 미소장
66 Zinc and Disease of the Brain 네이버 미소장
67 Crosstalk between Nitric Oxide and Zinc Pathways to Neuronal Cell Death Involving Mitochondrial Dysfunction and p38-Activated K + Channels 네이버 미소장
68 ERK signaling leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in extracellular zinc‐induced neurotoxicity 네이버 미소장
69 Zn2+‐induced ERK activation mediated by reactive oxygen species causes cell death in differentiated PC12 cells 네이버 미소장
70 The role of NADPH oxidase, neuronal nitric oxide synthase and poly(ADP ribose) polymerase in oxidative neuronal death induced in cortical cultures by brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin‐4/5 네이버 미소장
71 1,3-dioxplane이 용액 가공 폴리카보네이트 필름 구조 형성에 미치는 영향 소장
72 NADE, a p75NTR-associated cell death executor, is involved in signal transduction mediated by the common neurotrophin receptor p75NTR. 네이버 미소장
73 Co-induction of p75NTR and p75NTR-associated death executor in neurons after zinc exposure in cortical culture or transient ischemia in the rat. 네이버 미소장
74 Zn(2+) induces permeability transition pore opening and release of pro-apoptotic peptides from neuronal mitochondria. 네이버 미소장
75 Zinc and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal mediate lysosomal membrane permeabilization induced by H2O2 in cultured hippocampal neurons. 네이버 미소장
76 The role of metallothionein in oncogenesis and cancer prognosis 네이버 미소장
77 Prognostic significance of augmented metallothionein (MT) expression correlated with Ki-67 antigen expression in selected soft tissue sarcomas. 네이버 미소장
78 Augmented expression of metallothionein and glutathione S-transferase pi as unfavourable prognostic factors in cisplatin-treated ovarian cancer patients 네이버 미소장
79 METALLOTHIONEIN EXPRESSION IN RENAL CELL CARCINOMA: SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION AND PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE 네이버 미소장
80 Role of metallothionein expression in non-small cell lung carcinomas. Roczniki Akademii Medycznej w Bialymstoku (1995) 2004;49 Suppl 1:43-5. 미소장
81 Metallothionein 1F and 2A overexpression predicts poor outcome of non-small cell lung cancer patients 네이버 미소장
82 Prognostic significance of metallothionein expression in correlation with Ki-67 expression in adenocarcinomas of large intestine. 네이버 미소장
83 MT-III, a Brain-Specific Member of the Metallothionein Gene Family 네이버 미소장
84 Induction of a new metallothionein isoform (MT-IV) occurs during differentiation of stratified squamous epithelia. 네이버 미소장
85 The growth inhibitory factor that is deficient in the Alzheimer's disease brain is a 68 amino acid metallothionein-like protein 네이버 미소장
86 Growth-Inhibitory Factor, Metallothionein-Like Protein, and Neurodegenerative Diseases 네이버 미소장
87 Developmental immunohistochemistry of growth inhibitory factor in normal brains and brains of patients with Down syndrome 네이버 미소장
88 Neuron death and glial response in pontosubicular necrosis. The role of the growth inhibitory factor 네이버 미소장
89 Differential expression of metallothioneins in human prion diseases. 네이버 미소장
90 Astrocytes of the murine model for Down Syndrome Ts65Dn display reduced intracellular ionic zinc 네이버 미소장
91 Disruption of the metallothionein-III gene in mice: analysis of brain zinc, behavior, and neuron vulnerability to metals, aging, and seizures. 네이버 미소장
92 Role of metallothionein-III following central nervous system damage. 네이버 미소장
93 Disease progression in a transgenic model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is dependent on both neuronal and non-neuronal zinc binding proteins. 네이버 미소장
94 Role of metallothioneins in peripheral nerve function and regeneration 네이버 미소장
95 Zinc released from metallothionein-iii may contribute to hippocampal CA1 and thalamic neuronal death following acute brain injury 네이버 미소장
96 The role of reciprocal activation of cAbl and Mst1 in the Oxidative death of cultured astrocytes 네이버 미소장
97 Abl kinases regulate autophagy by promoting the trafficking and function of lysosomal components. 네이버 미소장
98 Role of zinc metallothionein-3 (ZnMt3) in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced c-Abl protein activation and actin polymerization in cultured astrocytes. 네이버 미소장