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Title Page

Contents

I. Introduction 9

1.1. Background & Purpose 9

II. Literature Study 11

2.1. Wind Energy Conversion 11

2.2. Type of Wind Turbine 13

2.2.1. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine 13

2.2.2. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine 16

2.3. Wind Characteristics 19

2.3.1. General Term of Wind Speed 19

2.3.2. Wind Speed Scale 20

2.3.3. Wind Speed Definition 21

2.4. Wind Statistics 22

2.5. Wind Characteristics in Urban Area 23

2.6. Wind Turbine Blade Design Parameters 25

2.7. Wind Turbine Noise 27

2.8. Wind Tunnel 30

III. Experiment Methods, Type & Calculation 31

3.1. Wind Tunnel Experiment 31

3.2. Model Design and Experiment Type 34

3.2.1. Rotor Blade Model Design 34

3.2.2. Experiment Type and Wind Direction 36

3.3. Data Calculation and Measurement 37

IV. Results and Discussion 39

4.1. RPM Review 39

4.2. Tip Speed Ratio (λ) Review 42

4.3. Power Coefficient (Cp) Review 45

4.3.1. Power Coefficient (Cp) and Wind Speed 45

4.3.2. Power Coefficient (Cp) and Tip Speed Ratio (λ) 48

4.4. Wind Direction Review 51

4.4.1. Vertical Position 51

4.4.2. Horizontal Position 57

4.5. Rotor Blade Noise 64

4.6. Discussion 67

V. Conclusion 69

References 70

ABSTRACT 73

국문초록 75

List of Tables

Table 2.1. Beufort Scale 20

Table 2.2. Power Coefficient by Available VAWT in Market 27

Table 3.1. Wind Speed Check 36

Table 3.2. Wind Direction Check 36

Table 4.1. Noise Measurement 65

Table 4.2. Selected Model Performances Summaries 67

List of Figures

Fig.2.1. Drag and Lift Force 12

Fig.2.2. Actuator Disk Theory 12

Fig.2.3. Three-Bladed Wind Turbine 13

Fig.2.4. Poul La Cour Wind Turbine in Denmark 1891 14

Fig.2.5. Dutch Windmill and Multi-blade Windmill 15

Fig.2.6. Darrieus-type Wind Turbine 16

Fig.2.7. Savonius-type Wind Turbine 17

Fig.2.8. Combined Darrieus-Savonius Type 18

Fig.2.9. Time and Space Scales of Atmospheric Motion 19

Fig.2.10. Urban Wind Variation (Time Scale) 23

Fig.2.11. Wind Flow Pattern 24

Fig.2.12. Power Coefficient by Various Wind Turbine Designs 26

Fig.2.13. Leq and Time Varying RMS 28

Fig.2.14. Frequency Weighting Graph 29

Fig.3.1. Wind Tunnel Schematic 31

Fig.3.2. Wind Tunnel Opening and Test Model 32

Fig.3.3. Noise Measurement Outline 33

Fig.3.4. Rotor Blade Model Schematic 34

Fig.3.5. Rotor Blade Model Setup 35

Fig.3.6. Test Instruments 37

Fig.4.1. RPM vs Wind Speed (B.A.0˚) 39

Fig.4.2. RPM vs Wind Speed (B.A. 25˚) 40

Fig.4.3. RPM vs Wind Speed (B.A. 40˚) 40

Fig.4.4. RPM vs Wind Speed by Model 41

Fig.4.5. λ vs Wind Speed (B.A. 0˚) 42

Fig.4.6. λ vs Wind Speed (B.A. 25˚) 43

Fig.4.7. λ vs Wind Speed (B.A. 40˚) 43

Fig.4.8. λ vs Wind Speed by Model 44

Fig.4.9. Cp vs Wind Speed (B.A. 0˚) 45

Fig.4.10. Cp vs Wind Speed (B.A. 25˚) 46

Fig.4.11. Cp vs Wind Speed (B.A. 40˚) 46

Fig.4.12. Cp vs Wind Speed by Model 47

Fig.4.13. Cp vs λ (B.A. 0˚) 48

Fig.4.14. Cp vs λ (B.A. 25˚) 49

Fig.4.15. Cp vs λ (B.A. 40˚) 49

Fig.4.16. Cp vs λ by Model 50

Fig.4.17. RPM vs Wind Speed by Wind Directions (B.A. 0˚) 52

Fig.4.18. RPM vs Wind Speed by Wind Directions (B.A. 40˚) 52

Fig.4.19. RPM vs Wind Speed by Bending Angle (Vertical) 53

Fig.4.20. λ vs Wind Speed by Wind Directions (B.A. 0˚) 54

Fig.4.21. λ vs Wind Speed by Wind Directions (B.A. 40˚) 54

Fig.4.22. λ vs Wind Speed by Bending Angle (Vertical) 55

Fig.4.23. Cp vs Wind Speed by Wind Directions (B.A. 0˚) 56

Fig.4.24. Cp vs Wind Speed by Wind Directions (B.A.40˚) 56

Fig.4.25. Cp vs Wind Speed by Bending Angle (Vertical) 57

Fig.4.26. RPM vs Wind Speed by Wind Direction (B.A. 0˚) 58

Fig.4.27. RPM vs Wind Speed by Wind Direction (B.A. 40˚) 58

Fig.4.28. RPM vs Wind Speed by Bending Angle (Horizontal) 59

Fig.4.29. λ vs Wind Speed by Wind Direction (B.A. 0˚) 60

Fig.4.30. λ vs Wind Speed by Wind Direction (B.A. 40˚) 60

Fig.4.31. λ vs Wind Speed by Bending Angle (Horizontal) 61

Fig.4.32. Cp vs Wind Speed by Wind Direction (B.A. 0˚) 62

Fig.4.33. Cp vs Wind Speed by Wind Direction (B.A. 40˚) 62

Fig.4.34. Cp vs Wind Speed by Bending Angle (Horizontal) 63

Fig.4.35. Wind Tunnel Noise Measurement 64

Fig.4.36. Sound Level Ratio (4㎧, 47㏈) 66

Fig.4.37. Sound Level Ratio (8㎧, 63.5㏈) 66

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