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목차
I. 서론 12
1. 연구의 필요성 12
2. 연구의 목적 16
3. 연구의 문제 16
4. 용어의 정의 17
가. 초·중등 공학교육 17
나. 공학교육 프로그램 17
다. 초·중등 공학교육 프로그램 구성 모형 17
II. 이론적 배경 18
1. 공학과 공학교육 18
가. 공학의 개념 및 특성 18
나. 공학교육의 개념 및 특성 28
2. 초·중등 공학교육의 기초 탐색 32
가. 초·중등 공학교육의 가치와 특성 32
나. 초·중등 공학교육의 핵심 개념과 학습 41
3. 초·중등 공학교육 현황 47
가. 국내의 초·중등 공학교육 현황 47
나. 국외의 초·중등 공학교육 현황 63
III. 연구의 절차 및 방법 72
1. 연구의 절차 72
가. 이론적 고찰 및 기초 연구 73
나. 델파이 조사 연구 73
2. 조사 대상 및 도구 75
가. 조사 대상 75
나. 델파이 조사 도구 78
3. 자료 수집 및 분석 79
가. 자료 수집 79
나. 자료 분석 79
IV. 연구의 결과 82
1. 초·중등 공학교육 프로그램 구성 모형 구안 82
가. 문헌고찰을 통한 구안 82
나. 전문가 자문을 통한 수정 85
2. 정의, 기본방향 및 성격 개발 90
가. 정의 및 기본방향 90
나. 성격 94
3. 학교급별 교육 목표 개발 97
4. 교육 내용 영역 및 요소 개발 101
가. 교육 내용 영역 및 요소 타당도 101
5. 교수학습 및 평가 방법 개발 110
가. 교수학습 방법 110
나. 평가 방법 112
6. 교육 내용 영역 및 요소 중요도 113
7. 초·중등 공학교육 프로그램 구성 모형에 대한 논의 124
가. 초·중등 공학교육 프로그램 구성 모형 124
나. 초·중등 공학교육 프로그램 구성 모형에 대한 논의 127
V. 요약, 결론 및 제언 131
1. 요약 131
2. 결론 및 제언 135
참고문헌 137
ABSTRACT 151
부록 155
[부록 1] 델파이 위원 명단 156
[부록 2] 델파이 1차 조사지 158
[부록 3] 델파이 2차 조사지 165
[부록 4] 델파이 3차 조사지 174
[부록 5] 영문 약어 리스트 188
[그림 II-1] 과학, 공학, 기술 간의 관계(MDE, 2006) 25
[그림 II-2] 공학의 내용 구성 27
[그림 II-3] 공학과 과학, 기술, 수학, 예술의 관계(김기수, 2012) 28
[그림 II-4] 초·중등교육에서의 공학교육 모형(김영민 외, 2013) 44
[그림 III-1] 연구의 절차 72
The purpose of this study is to provide basic data and guideline to STEM(Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) educators who prepare engineering education in elementary and secondary school. For this, this study develops a composition model for engineering education program of elementary and secondary school. To do this, a literature research, experts interview and Delphi survey were conducted. Through the literature research, we extracted the components of model for engineering education program of elementary and secondary school and then made a first draft of the model. The draft was revised by experts while Delphi survey was used to validate the model based on Delphi panels' opinions. The panels for the Delphi survey consisted of 51 experts in the STEM education field. The survey was conducted three different times and importance survey was included in the third stage.
The conclusions of this study were as follows:
First, the model consist of definition, 4 directions, 4 personalities, 3 educational goals according to school level, educational contents area and element, teaching learning method and evaluation method. The educational contents area and element consist of 2 major areas, 7 areas and 18 elements.
Second, all components of the developed model were valid in most of the statistics such as mean, standard deviation, the degree of consensus and convergence, and CVR(Content Validity Ratio).
The developed definitions in elementary and secondary engineering education are as follows: 'Elementary and secondary engineering education is an education that fosters students' engineering thinking and attitude by combining knowledge with functions such as science, technology, and mathematics through engineering design activities.'
The developed directions of elementary and secondary engineering education programs are as follows: 'First, an education that encourages students who can understand the engineering-based world and finally utilize and develop it', 'Second, an education to integrate and use the contents of science, technology, and mathematics in elementary and secondary school curriculum', 'Third, Education and experience of creative problem-solving processes based on engineering design', 'Fourth, an education that provides opportunities for understanding and exploring various careers in engineering, engineer, engineering and related fields'.
The educational goals of elementary, middle and high schools are as follows: In elementary school, 'First, understand properties of basic materials and learn how to use tools, and experience problem-solving according to engineering design processes', 'Second, develop basic engineering habits of mind', 'Third, investigate and explain examples of engineering and the role of engineers'. In middle school, 'First, understand core concepts of engineering according to each stage in the engineering design process and then apply the engineering design process to solving problems', 'Second, develop engineering habits of mind and technological literacy', 'Third, understand social impacts of engineering, engineers and their careers in engineering field, and further design their own career paths'. In high school, 'First, solve complex and practical problems in various engineering fields through the engineering design process based on integration and application of related knowledge', 'Second, develop engineering habits of mind, competency and technological literacy, and to learn engineering knowledge', 'Third, understand social and ethical impacts on engineers, and explore their career paths and occupations in a variety of engineering disciplines, and prepare their own career paths'. The teaching-learning and evaluation methods were also developed based on definition, educational goals and directions.
Third, the analysis results of importance for education contents area and element according to the school level are as follows: In all school levels, 'Concept(Problem Definition and Background Knowledge) stage' and 'Development(Planning and Execution) stage' were the most importance. 'Engineering design' major area was higher than 'Engineering Knowledge' major area. In the elementary school level, the importance of the 'Idea Generation' area was the highest. In the middle school, the areas of 'Idea Creation' and 'Solution Search and Selection' were the highest. In the high school, 'Engineering Career and Occupation' area was the most important.
Based on these findings, this study suggests the following for future research.
First, it is necessary to develop and apply a school grade program according to the composition model of elementary and secondary engineering education program. Further, effect analysis is required.
Second, development of training programs for relevant experts and teachers are required for the development and application of elementary and secondary engineering education programs.
Third, there exists the need for interest and support for primary and secondary engineering education from governmental and related organizations.*표시는 필수 입력사항입니다.
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