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Title Page

초록

Abstract

Contents

List of Abbreviations 11

Chapter 1. Introduction 12

1.1. Wireless Radio Frequency Energy Transfer 12

1.2. Previous Study on Rectenna 14

1.3. Motivation 20

Chapter 2. Hybrid Power Combining Array Antenna 22

2.1. Overview 22

2.2. Single Rectenna with DC Power Management Network 22

2.3. Conventional Power Combining 28

2.3.1. RF Power Combining Array 28

2.3.2. DC Power Combining Array 29

2.3.3. RF and DC Sub-Array Power Combining 30

2.4. Hybrid Power Combining Array 32

2.4.1. Beamforming Matrix with DC Switch 32

2.4.2. Beamforming Matrix with DC Parallel Combining 34

2.5. Sub-Array Power Combining Array 36

2.6. Received DC Power Comparison 39

2.7. Conclusion 44

Chapter 3. Randomly Polarized Incident Waves 45

3.1. Overview 45

3.2. Polarization Mismatch Loss 45

3.3. RF energy receiving with Circular Polarization 47

3.4. RF energy receiving with Dual Linear Polarization 49

3.5. Received DC Power Comparison 51

3.6. Conclusion 53

Chapter 4. Experiments and Measured Results 54

4.1. Overview 54

4.2. Patch Antenna Array for RF Energy Transfer 54

4.3. Radio Distribution Network for RF Energy Transfer 58

4.4. Rectifier with DC Power Management Network for RF Energy Transfer 60

4.5. Experimental Verifications 63

4.5.1. Experiment Conditions 63

4.5.2. Measured Received DC Power Comparison 64

4.6. Conclusion 66

Chapter 5. Conclusion 67

Bibliography 68

Curriculum Vitae 73

List of Tables

Table 1.1. State-of-the-art single rectenna characteristics 16

Table 1.2. State-of-the-art recntenna array characteristics 18

Table 2.1. HSMS-2852 characteristics 24

Table 4.1. Performance comparison 65

List of Figures

Figure 1.1. Development trend of wireless RF energy transfer 12

Figure 1.2. Practical applications of wireless RF energy transfer 13

Figure 1.3. State-of-the-art single rectenna 15

Figure 1.4. State-of-the-art rectenna array 17

Figure 1.5. Two ways to merge the received power 19

Figure 1.6. RF energy transfer system for wireless sensor network 20

Figure 1.7. Motivation of the proposed hybrid power combining with randomly polarized incident waves 21

Figure 2.1. Single Rectenna architecture 22

Figure 2.2. Equivalent circuit analysis of voltage doubler 23

Figure 2.3. The rectification efficiency with regard to input RF power 25

Figure 2.4. Single rectena with DC power management network 25

Figure 2.5. The voltage of storage capacitor and output according to time variation 26

Figure 2.6. The efficiency of DC-DC boost efficiency according to the input voltage 27

Figure 2.7. The efficiency of rectifier with DC PMN according to the input RF power 28

Figure 2.8. RF power combining architecture 29

Figure 2.9. DC power combining architecture 30

Figure 2.10. RF+DC sub-array power combining 31

Figure 2.11. Normalized DC output power of conventional power combining 31

Figure 2.12. Hybrid power combining architecture (BF matrix with DC switch) 32

Figure 2.13. The received DC output power with regard to incident wave angle 33

Figure 2.14. Hybrid combining architecture (BF matrix with DC parallel combining) 34

Figure 2.15. The received DC output power with regard to incident wave angle 35

Figure 2.16. The sub-array architecture (BF + DC) 36

Figure 2.17. The sub-array architecture (RF + BF + DC) 37

Figure 2.18. The sub-array architecture (BF + RF + DC) 38

Figure 2.19. The received DC output power of sub-array architecture 39

Figure 2.20. The normalized DC output power with regard to the incident wave angles 40

Figure 2.21. The normalized average DC output power with regard to the differential incident wave angles 41

Figure 2.22. The normalized average DC output power with regard to the differential incident wave angles 41

Figure 2.23. The differential DC output power of hybrid combining with RF and DC combining when... 42

Figure 2.24. The differential DC output power of hybrid sub-array combining with RF and DC combining... 43

Figure 2.25. The differential average DC output power of hybrid power combining with RF and DC power... 44

Figure 2.26. The differential average DC output power of hybrid sub-power combining with RF and DC... 44

Figure 3.1. Polarization mismatch loss depends on the polarization mismatch angle (α) 46

Figure 3.2. The rectification efficiency according to the incident wave polarization angle 46

Figure 3.3. RF combining architecture with CP 47

Figure 3.4. DC combining architecture with CP 48

Figure 3.5. Hybrid combining architecture with CP 48

Figure 3.6. RF combining architecture with Dual LP 49

Figure 3.7. DC combining architecture with Dual LP 50

Figure 3.8. Hybrid combining architecture with Dual LP 50

Figure 3.9. Received DC power according to incident wave angle, polarization angle variation 52

Figure 3.10. Normalized average DC output power of each architecture with CP and LP 53

Figure 4.1. Suspended patch antenna 55

Figure 4.2. Measured S-parameter of patch antenna array 55

Figure 4.3. Radiation pattern of single SPA 56

Figure 4.4. Proposed 2 by 2 hybrid rectenna array with dual linear polarization 56

Figure 4.5. Suspended patch antenna with 5.8 ㎓ center frequency 57

Figure 4.6. Fabricated array antenna with 5.8 ㎓ center frequency 57

Figure 4.7. The fabricated 4 by 4 butler matrix with 4 LTCC 3㏈ couplers 58

Figure 4.8. Measured results of the fabricated 4 by 4 butler matrix 58

Figure 4.9. Radiation pattern measurement environment 59

Figure 4.10. Radiation pattern of 2 by 1 subarray hybrid coupler 59

Figure 4.11. Radiation pattern of 4 by 1 array with Wilkinson power combiner and butler matrix 60

Figure 4.12. The fabricated rectifier with DC power management network 60

Figure 4.13. Reflection coefficient of rectifier with PMN 61

Figure 4.14. Characteristics of the fabricated rectifier with DC power management network 62

Figure 4.15. Experiment conditions for RF energy transfer system 64

Figure 4.16. Measured output DC power with regard to incident wave angle 65

Figure 4.17. Measured output DC power with regard to incident wave polarization angle 66

초록보기

 최근 RF 에너지 전송은 사물인터넷의 활발한 개발과 함께 다시 주목을 받고 있다. 이러한 사물인터넷을 수행하기 위하여 다수의 센서 혹은 장치들에 효율적으로 전력을 공급하는 일은 가장 중요한 문제이다. 무선 RF 에너지 전송은 이러한 센서와 장치들이 자립적인 동작을 가능하게 하는 대안으로 떠오르고 있다. 본 논문에서는 임의의 편파에 대한 하이브리드 전력 결합을 제안한다. RF 결합의 좁은 입사 각도 동작과 DC 결합의 낮은 전력 감도를 극복하기 위하여 두 가지 장점을 모두 가진 하이브리드 전력 결합을 제안하고 분석한다. 하이브리드 전력 결합을 통하여 생길 수 있는 문제를 해결하기 위하여 DC 전력 관리 네트워크를 도입하고 이의 역할을 규정하고 분석한다. 또한 편파 각도에 따라 RF 에너지 수신 시스템의 안정성을 향상시키기 위하여 이중 선형편파를 제안하고 하이브리드 전력 결합과 결합한 구조를 제안한다. 제안한 하이브리드 전력 결합과 이중편파를 활용한 RF 에너지 전송 시스템을 구현하여 그 특성을 검증한다.

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