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Title Page

Contents

Abstract 20

Chapter 1. Introduction to Stretchable and Skin-inspired Electronics 23

1.1. Requirement for Stretchability 23

1.2. Future Electronics and Role of Stretchability 24

1.3. Strategies for the Fabrication of Skin-inspired Stretchable Devices 26

1.4. Structure and Mechanical Stability of Human Skin 27

1.5. Mechanical Behavior of Skin 28

1.6. Importance of "J-shaped Stress-strain Behavior" in Stretchable Electronics 29

1.7. Issues and Challenges 30

1.8. Objectives 33

Chapter 2. A Stretchable, Transparent, Tough, Ultrathin, and Self-limiting Skin-like Substrates for Stretchable Electronics 35

2.1. Abstract 35

2.2. Introduction 36

2.3. Experiment Details 39

2.3.1. Materials 39

2.3.2. Fabrication of Skin-like Substrate, Temperature Sensor and Piezoelectric Device 40

2.3.3. Characterization 41

2.4. Results and Discussion 41

2.4.1. Schematics of Human Skin 41

2.4.2. Mechanical Properties of Skin-like Substrate with Different Loading Amount of P(VDF-TrFE) Nanofibers 54

2.4.3. Sensory Response of Skin-like Substrates to Mechanical Forcing 70

2.4.4. Transparent Stretchable Temperature Sensor Fabricated on Skin-like Substrate 75

2.4.5. Suppression of Motion-induced Effects Caused by Movement of the Human Body on Sensing 80

2.5. Conclusion 83

Chapter 3. A Skin-inspired Substrate with Spaghetti-like Multi-nanofiber Network of Stiff and Elastic Components for Stretchable Electronics 85

3.1. Abstract 85

3.2. Introduction 87

3.3. Experimental Details 89

3.1.1. Materials 89

3.3.2. Fabrication of Skin-inspired substrate 90

3.3.3. Fabrication of R-GO Gas Sensor on a Skin-inspired Substrate 91

3.4. Characterization 91

3.5. Results and Discussion 92

3.5.1. The Stress-Strain Curves of Skin-inspired Substrates 98

3.5.2. Effect of Stretching on the Behavior of P(VDF-TrFE) and PU Nanofibers in the Skin-inspired Substrate 109

3.5.3. Mechanical and Electrical Stability of Au Layer Coated on a Skin-inspired Substrate 113

3.5.4. Stretchable Transparent Gas Sensor Fabricated on the Skin-inspired Substrate 121

3.6. Conclusion 126

Chapter 4. Synthesis of Biodegradable and Biocompatible Skin-mimicking Substrate for Sustainable Stretchable Electronics 127

4.1. Abstract 127

4.2. Introduction 129

4.3. Experimental Details 131

4.3.1. Materials 131

4.3.2. Fabrication of Biodegradable Skin-inspired Substrate 131

4.3.3. Characterization 131

4.4. Results and Discussion 132

4.4.1. Synthesis of PGS Elastomer 132

4.4.2. Biodegradable Substrate Fabrication 132

4.5. Future Directions 139

4.6. Conclusion 139

Chapter 5. Conclusion 141

References 145

국문요약 161

List of Tables

Table 2-S2. The comparison of mechanical properties of skin-like substrates with pure PDMS... 64

Table S1. The comparison of open circuit output voltage (VOC) of the skin-like substrate under...(이미지참조) 74

List of Figures

Figure 1.1. Collagen distribution in skin anatomy. Compared to the upper dermal layers... 28

Figure 1.2. The stress-strain behavior for skin with collagen and elastin morphology at the... 29

Figure 2-S1. Stress-strain curve of only P(VDF-TrFE) nanofiber mat formed at 0.2 ml of ES... 43

Figure 2-S2. Schematic of process flow for fabricating skin-like substrate. P(VDF-TrFE)... 44

Figure 2-S3. The optical transmittance of (a) skin-like substrate with the ES volume of 0.4... 45

Figure 2-S4. Cross-sectional FE-SEM images of skin-like substrates fabricated under various... 47

Figure 2-S5. Measured thickness of the skin-like substrates with the ES volumes of at 0.4-... 48

Figure 2-S6. The pictures of skin-like substrate with the with the thickness of 90 µm (left)... 49

Figure 2-S7. Optical microscopic image of P(VDF-TrFE) nanofiber sheet at low... 50

Figure 2.1. Schematic and characteristics of skin-like substrate. 53

Figure 2-S8. (a) Photograph of a substrate loaded for measurements of tensile stress-strain... 55

Figure 2-S9. The effect of stretching on the behavior of nanofibers in the skin-like substrate... 56

Figure 2-S10. (a) The current responses of sensing devices on skin-like substrate and pristine... 58

Figure 2.2. Mechanical properties of skin-like substrates with different loading amount... 60

Figure 2-S11. The FE-SEM images show morphology of P(VDF-TrFE) nanofibers at... 61

Figure 2-S12. (a) The stress-strain curves of skin-like substrates with different ES volume of... 63

Figure 2-S13. The FE-SEM image shows P(VDF-TrFE) nanofibers inside PDMS elastomer... 65

Figure 2-S14. The stress-strain hysteresis curves of skin-like substrates with different ES... 66

Figure 2-S15. The comparison of stress-strain hysteresis of skin-like substrates with different... 67

Figure 2-S16. The FE-SEM images of skin-like substrate (a) before cyclic stretching and (b)... 69

Figure 2.3. Sensory response of skin-like substrate to mechanical forcing. 71

Figure 2-S17. Images of skin-like substrate for measurement of piezoelectric open circuit... 72

Figure 2-S18. Open circuit voltage (VOC) of skin-like substrate increases with increase in... 73

Figure 2.4. Transparent stretchable temperature sensor fabricated on skin-like... 78

Figure 2-S19. Schematic of process flow for fabricating strechable temperature sensor on... 79

Figure 2.5. Suppression of motion-induced signal changes in a stretchable temperature... 81

Figure 2-S20. (a) Current response of the temperature sensor to the skin temperature of the... 82

Figure 3-S1. Schematic process sequence for fabrication of skin-inspired substrate. 94

Figure 3.1. Schematic and characteristics of the skin-inspired substrate. 96

Figure 3.2. Mechanical properties of the skin-inspired substrate at different loading... 103

Figure 3-S2. The stress-strain curves of skin-inspired substrates with various loading... 104

Figure 3-S3. The stress-strain hysteresis curves of skin-inspired substrates with different... 106

Figure 3-S4. Creep test of skin-inspired substrate. 108

Figure 3.3. Effect of stretching on the behavior of P(VDF-TrFE) and PU nanofibers in... 110

Figure 3-S5. 3D confocal fluorescence microscopy images of stacked nanofiber sheets... 111

Figure 3-S6. Mehcanical properties of NFs with and without flurocent dyes. 112

Figure 3.4. Mechanical and electrical stability of Au layer coated on a skin-inspired... 117

Figure 3-S7. The FE-SEM images of skin-inspired substrate after cyclic stretching tests. 118

Figure 3-S8. The FE-SEM images of Cr/Au (5 nm/50 nm) layer on pristine PDMS with... 119

Figure 3-S9. Photographs of the skin-inspired substrate at 0 % (left panel) and 35 %... 120

Figure 3-S10. Time-dependent real-time △I/I0 response of Cr/Au coated PDMS substrate...(이미지참조) 120

Figure 3.5. Stretchable transparent gas sensor fabricated on the skin-inspired substrate. 123

Figure 3-S11. Photographs of the stretchable R-GO gas sensor mounted on a stretching tool. 124

Figure 3-S12. R-GO gas sensor on pristine PDMS substrate. 125

Figure 4.1. Chemical structure diagram for PGS polymer. 132

Figure 4.2. (a) The FE-SEM images show morphology of PGS: PVA nanofibers at loading... 133

Figure 4.3. (a) FTIR spectra of (PGS: PVA) composite at various ratios. 133

Figure 4.4. Confocal microscope images of PVA (left in green) and PGS (Right in red)... 135

Figure 4.5. PVA: PGS microfiber was attached to the arm of volunteers for irritation test. 135

Figure 4.6. PVA: PGS fiber was placed with L929 cells for indirect biocompatibility test. 136

Figure 4.7. Indirect biocompatibility test. Cells were still alive after 25 days of dipping. 137

Figure 4.8. Mechanical properties of skin-mimic substrates (a) Stress-strain curves of PEO... 138

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