본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기
국회도서관 홈으로 정보검색 소장정보 검색

결과 내 검색

동의어 포함

목차보기

Title Page

Contents

Nomenclature 13

Abstract 15

1. Introduction 17

2. Improvement of the droplet entrainment model for the reflood analysis 23

2.1. Droplet entrainment phenomena in the post-dryout regime 24

2.2. Existing droplet entrainment models 27

2.3. Modeling of the droplet entrainment phenomena 29

2.4. Model assessment using the CUPID code 36

2.4.1. The constitutive models for the reflood analysis 36

2.4.2. Reflood experiments and the CUPID modeling 39

2.4.3. Assessment results 42

3. Development of the droplet impact heat transfer model 67

3.1. Existing flow blockage model 69

3.1.1. Single-phase heat transfer enhancement 70

3.1.2 Droplet breakup 74

3.1.3 Droplet impact heat transfer at the inlet of the blockage region 75

3.2. The FEBA flow blockage tests 77

3.2.1. Description of the FEBA flow blockage tests 77

3.2.2. Experimental results of the FEBA flow blockage tests 82

3.2.3. Calculation results of the CUPID code on the FEBA flow blockage tests 89

3.3. Development of the droplet impact heat transfer model for the downstream of the blockage 102

3.3.1. Droplet deposition model 103

3.3.2. Maximum enhancement and decay factor 110

3.3.3. Droplet contact heat transfer effectiveness 115

3.4. Assessment of the droplet impact heat transfer model 119

4. Summary and conclusions 134

References 137

Appendices 144

Appendix A.1. Calculation results of the new droplet entrainment model for the FEBA and FLECHT SEASET reflood experiments 144

Appendix A.2. Calculation results for the FEBA flow blockage tests 165

요약 178

List of Tables

Table 2.1. Droplet entrainment models for the post-dryout regime. 28

Table 2.2. New droplet entrainment rate model for the post-dryout flow regime. 35

Table 2.3. The correlations for the reflood analysis. 38

Table 2.4. The selected FEBA test conditions. 40

Table 2.5. The selected FLECHT SEASET test conditions. 40

Table 2.6. Calculation results of the FEBA tests: PCT error (K). 47

Table 2.7. Calculation results of the FEBA tests: QT error (s). 47

Table 2.8. Calculation results of the FLECHT SEASET tests: PCT error (K). 48

Table 2.9. Calculation results of the FLECHT SEASET tests: QT error (s). 49

Table 3.1. Test conditions of the FEBA series VII used for the calculation. 89

Table 3.2. Test conditions of the FEBA series VIII used for the calculation. 89

Table 3.3. Test conditions of the collected droplet deposition experiment. 106

Table 3.4. Droplet deposition models used for the assessment. 107

Table 3.5. Comparison of the error by the droplet deposition models. 109

Table 3.6. Abrupt pipe expansion experiments collected for the maximum enhancement factor. 113

List of Figures

Figure 1.1. Flow regime and heat transfer mode in the reflood phase. 19

Figure 2.1. Schematic of the varicose jet. 26

Figure 2.2. Schematic of the sinuous jet. 26

Figure 2.3. Disintegration of the liquid sheet. 34

Figure 2.4. CUPID modeling for the FLECHT SEASET. 41

Figure 2.5. Effect of the droplet entrainment rate models for the PCT and QT. 50

Figure 2.6. Comparison of the clad temperature by height – FEBA 214 test (P: 4.1 bar, Vin: 0.058 m/s).[이미지참조] 51

Figure 2.7. Comparison of the clad temperature by height – FEBA 218 test (P: 2.1 bar, Vin: 0.058 m/s).[이미지참조] 52

Figure 2.8. Comparison of the clad temperature by height – FEBA 220 test (P: 6.2 bar,Vin: 0.038 m/s).[이미지참조] 53

Figure 2.9. Comparison of the clad temperature by height – FEBA 221 test (P: 6.1 bar,Vin: 0.028 m/s).[이미지참조] 54

Figure 2.10. Comparison of the clad temperature by height – FEBA 222 test (P: 6.2 bar,Vin: 0.058 m/s).[이미지참조] 55

Figure 2.11. Comparison of the clad temperature by height – FEBA 223 test (P: 2.2 bar,Vin: 0.038 m/s).[이미지참조] 56

Figure 2.12. Comparison of the clad temperature by height – FLECHT SEASET 31021 test (P: 2.8 bar, Vin: 0.039 m/s, Qpeak: 1.3 kW/m).[이미지참조] 57

Figure 2.13. Comparison of the clad temperature by height – FLECHT SEASET 31203 test (P: 2.8 bar, Vin: 0.038 m/s, Qpeak: 2.3 kW/m).[이미지참조] 58

Figure 2.14. Comparison of the clad temperature by height – FLECHT SEASET 31302 test (P: 2.8 bar, Vin: 0.077 m/s, Qpeak: 2.3 kW/m).[이미지참조] 59

Figure 2.15. Comparison of the clad temperature by height – FLECHT SEASET 31504 test (P: 2.8 bar, Vin: 0.024 m/s, Qpeak: 2.3 kW/m).[이미지참조] 60

Figure 2.16. Comparison of the clad temperature by height – FLECHT SEASET 31701 test (P: 2.8 bar, Vin: 0.155 m/s, Qpeak: 2.3 kW/m).[이미지참조] 61

Figure 2.17. Comparison of the clad temperature by height – FLECHT SEASET 31922 test (P: 1.4 bar, Vin: 0.027 m/s, Qpeak: 1.3 kW/m).[이미지참조] 62

Figure 2.18. Comparison of the clad temperature by height – FLECHT SEASET 32013 test (P: 4.1 bar, Vin: 0.026 m/s, Qpeak: 2.3 kW/m).[이미지참조] 63

Figure 2.19. Comparison of the clad temperature by height – FLECHT SEASET 34006 test (P: 2.7 bar, Vin: 0.015 m/s, Qpeak: 1.3 kW/m).[이미지참조] 64

Figure 2.20. Comparison of the clad temperature by height – FLECHT SEASET 34209 test (P: 1.4 bar, Vin: 0.027 m/s, Qpeak: 2.4 kW/m).[이미지참조] 65

Figure 2.21. Comparison of the clad temperature by height – FLECHT SEASET 34524 test (P: 2.8 bar, Vin: 0.040 m/s, Qpeak: 3.0 kW/m).[이미지참조] 66

Figure 3.1. Schematics of flow separation and reattachment downstream of the blockage region. 71

Figure 3.2. Flow separation point in single tube diffuser. 72

Figure 3.3. Series I – VIII of the FEBA 78

Figure 3.4. Cross section of flow path at the blockage region of FEBA series III and IV. 79

Figure 3.5. Cross section of flow path at the blockage region of FEBA series VII and VIII. 80

Figure 3.6. Sleeve for 90 % blockage. 81

Figure 3.7. Rod temperature comparison upstream of the blockage section (pressure: 2.2 bar, flooding rate: 0.038 m/s). 84

Figure 3.8. Rod temperature comparison downstream of the blockage section (pressure: 2.2 bar, flooding rate 0.038 m/s). 85

Figure 3.9. Rod temperature comparison downstream of the blockage section (pressure:6.0 bar, flooding rate 0.038 m/s). 86

Figure 3.10. Rod temperature comparison downstream of the blockage section (pressure:6.0 bar, flooding rate 0.058 m/s). 87

Figure 3.11. Rod temperature behavior downstream of the blockage section of series IV (pressure: 3.9 bar, flooding rate: 0.058 m/s). 88

Figure 3.12. Rod temperature behavior downstream of the blockage section of series V (pressure: 3.9 bar, flooding rate: 0.057 m/s). 88

Figure 3.13. Computational cell for the blockage section of the series VIII. 91

Figure 3.14. Calculation results of the FEBA 7324 (P: 4.1 bar, Vin: 0.038 m/s); midplane (1.95 m) and upstream of the blockage. 94

Figure 3.15. Calculation results of the FEBA 7325 (P: 4.1 bar, Vin: 0.058 m/s); midplane (1.95 m) and upstream of the blockage. 95

Figure 3.16. Calculation results of the FEBA 8333 (P: 5.8 bar, Vin: 0.058 m/s); midplane (1.95 m) and upstream of the blockage. 96

Figure 3.17. Calculation results of the FEBA 8341 (P: 2.2 bar, Vin: 0.038 m/s); midplane (1.95 m) and upstream of the blockage. 97

Figure 3.18. Calculation results of the FEBA 7324 (P: 4.1 bar, Vin: 0.038 m/s); downstream of the blockage. 98

Figure 3.19. Calculation results of the FEBA 7325 (P: 4.1 bar, Vin: 0.058 m/s); downstream of the blockage. 99

Figure 3.20. Calculation results of the FEBA 8337 (P: 4.0 bar, Vin: 0.038 m/s); downstream of the blockage. 100

Figure 3.21. Calculation results of the FEBA 8341 (P: 2.2 bar, Vin: 0.038 m/s); downstream of the blockage. 101

Figure 3.22. Evaluation result of the existing droplet deposition models. 108

Figure 3.23. Evaluation result of the new droplet deposition model. 109

Figure 3.24. Schematic of an abrupt pipe expansion 112

Figure 3.25. Correlation of the maximum enhancement factor for the droplet deposition. 114

Figure 3.26. Correlation of the maximum enhancement factor for the single-phase heat transfer. 114

Figure 3.27. Wall superheat vs. droplet contact heat transfer efficiency obtained by Kendall and Rohsenow (1977) correlation. 117

Figure 3.28. Wall superheat vs. droplet contact heat transfer efficiency obtained by Deb and Yao (1989) correlation. 118

Figure 3.29. Prediction result of the rod temperature in the upstream and midplane of the blockage region (test 7322; P: 2.1 bar, Vin: 0.038 m/s). 121

Figure 3.30. Prediction result of the rod temperature in the upstream and midplane of the blockage region (test 8336; P: 4.1 bar, Vin: 0.058 m/s). 122

Figure 3.31. Prediction result of the rod temperature in the downstream of the blockage region (test 7325; P: 4.1 bar, Vin: 0.058 m/s). 123

Figure 3.32. Prediction result of the rod temperature in the downstream of the blockage region (test 7324; P: 4.1 bar, Vin: 0.038 m/s). 124

Figure 3.33. Prediction result of the rod temperature in the downstream of the blockage region (test 7327; P: 4.1 bar, Vin: 0.022 m/s). 125

Figure 3.34. Prediction result of the rod temperature in the downstream of the blockage region (test 7329; P: 5.9 bar, Vin: 0.038 m/s). 126

Figure 3.35. Prediction result of the rod temperature in the downstream of the blockage region (test 7322; P: 2.1 bar, Vin: 0.038 m/s). 127

Figure 3.36. Prediction result of the rod temperature in the downstream of the blockage region (test 8336; P: 4.1 bar, Vin: 0.058 m/s). 128

Figure 3.37. Prediction result of the rod temperature in the downstream of the blockage region (test 8337; P: 4.0 bar, Vin: 0.038 m/s). 129

Figure 3.38. Prediction result of the rod temperature in the downstream of the blockage region (test 8338; P: 4.1 bar, Vin: 0.022 m/s). 130

Figure 3.39. Prediction result of the rod temperature in the downstream of the blockage region (test 8340; P: 2.2 bar, Vin: 0.058 m/s). 131

Figure 3.40. Prediction result of the rod temperature in the downstream of the blockage region (test 8333; P: 5.8 bar, Vin: 0.058 m/s). 132

Figure 3.41. Prediction result of the rod temperature in the downstream of the blockage region (test 8334; P: 5.8 bar, Vin: 0.038 m/s). 133

List of Appendix Figures

Figure A.1.1. Calculation result of the FEBA test 1210 (P: 4.2 bar, Vin: 0.028 m/s).[이미지참조] 144

Figure A.1.2. Calculation result of the FEBA test 1214 (P: 4.1 bar, Vin: 0.058 m/s).[이미지참조] 145

Figure A.1.3. Calculation result of the FEBA test 1218 (P: 2.1 bar, Vin: 0.058 m/s).[이미지참조] 146

Figure A.1.4. Calculation result of the FEBA test 1220 (P: 6.2 bar, Vin: 0.038 m/s).[이미지참조] 147

Figure A.1.5. Calculation result of the FEBA test 1221 (P: 6.1 bar, Vin: 0.028 m/s).[이미지참조] 148

Figure A.1.6. Calculation result of the FEBA test 1222 (P: 6.2 bar, Vin: 0.058 m/s).[이미지참조] 149

Figure A.1.7. Calculation result of the FEBA test 1223 (P: 2.2 bar, Vin: 0.038 m/s).[이미지참조] 150

Figure A.1.8. Calculation result of the FLECHT SEASET test 30817 (P: 2.7 bar, Vin: 0.039 m/s).[이미지참조] 151

Figure A.1.9. Calculation result of the FLECHT SEASET test 31021 (P: 2.8 bar, Vin: 0.039 m/s).[이미지참조] 152

Figure A.1.10. Calculation result of the FLECHT SEASET test 31108 (P: 1.3 bar, Vin: 0.079 m/s).[이미지참조] 153

Figure A.1.11. Calculation result of the FLECHT SEASET test 31203 (P: 2.8 bar, Vin: 0.038 m/s).[이미지참조] 154

Figure A.1.12. Calculation result of the FLECHT SEASET test 31302 (P: 2.8 bar, Vin: 0.077 m/s).[이미지참조] 155

Figure A.1.13. Calculation result of the FLECHT SEASET test 31504 (P: 2.8 bar, Vin: 0.024 m/s).[이미지참조] 156

Figure A.1.14. Calculation result of the FLECHT SEASET test 31701 (P: 2.8 bar, Vin: 0.155 m/s).[이미지참조] 157

Figure A.1.15. Calculation result of the FLECHT SEASET test 31805 (P: 2.8 bar, Vin: 0.021 m/s).[이미지참조] 158

Figure A.1.16. Calculation result of the FLECHT SEASET test 31922 (P: 1.4 bar, Vin: 0.027 m/s).[이미지참조] 159

Figure A.1.17. Calculation result of the FLECHT SEASET test 32013 (P: 4.1 bar, Vin: 0.026 m/s).[이미지참조] 160

Figure A.1.18. Calculation result of the FLECHT SEASET test 34006 (P: 2.7 bar, Vin: 0.015 m/s).[이미지참조] 161

Figure A.1.19. Calculation result of the FLECHT SEASET test 34209 (P: 1.4 bar, Vin: 0.027 m/s).[이미지참조] 162

Figure A.1.20. Calculation result of the FLECHT SEASET test 34610 (P: 1.4 bar, Vin: 0.021 m/s).[이미지참조] 163

Figure A.1.21. Calculation result of the FLECHT SEASET test 34610 (P: 1.4 bar, Vin: 0.021 m/s).[이미지참조] 164

Figure A.2.1. Calculation result of the FEBA test 7322 (P: 2.1 bar, Vin: 0.038 m/s). 165

Figure A.2.2. Calculation result of the FEBA test 7324 (P: 4.1 bar, Vin: 0.038 m/s).[이미지참조] 166

Figure A.2.3. Calculation result of the FEBA test 7325 (P: 4.1 bar, Vin: 0.058 m/s).[이미지참조] 167

Figure A.2.4. Calculation result of the FEBA test 7327 (P: 4.1 bar, Vin: 0.022 m/s).[이미지참조] 168

Figure A.2.5. Calculation result of the FEBA test 7329 (P: 5.9 bar, Vin: 0.038 m/s).[이미지참조] 169

Figure A.2.6. Calculation result of the FEBA test 7330 (P: 5.9 bar, Vin: 0.058 m/s).[이미지참조] 170

Figure A.2.7. Calculation result of the FEBA test 8333 (P: 5.8 bar, Vin: 0.058 m/s).[이미지참조] 171

Figure A.2.8. Calculation result of the FEBA test 8334 (P: 5.8 bar, Vin: 0.038 m/s).[이미지참조] 172

Figure A.2.9. Calculation result of the FEBA test 8336 (P: 4.1 bar, Vin: 0.058 m/s).[이미지참조] 173

Figure A.2.10. Calculation result of the FEBA test 8337 (P: 4.0 bar, Vin: 0.038 m/s).[이미지참조] 174

Figure A.2.11. Calculation result of the FEBA test 8338 (P: 4.1 bar, Vin: 0.022 m/s).[이미지참조] 175

Figure A.2.12. Calculation result of the FEBA test 8340 (P: 2.2 bar, Vin: 0.058 m/s).[이미지참조] 176

Figure A.2.13. Calculation result of the FEBA test 8341 (P: 2.2 bar, Vin: 0.038 m/s).[이미지참조] 177

초록보기

 가압경수로의 대형냉각재상실사고 시 재관수 단계의 노심에서는 상당한 양의 액적이 발생한다. 단위 부피당 표면적이 넓은 액적은 노심 냉각에 크게 기여하므로, 사고 시 핵연료의 온도 거동에 큰 영향을 준다. 따라서 재관수 해석에서 액적 거동을 적절하게 예측하는 모델이 필수적이다. 특히, 재관수 과정동안 노심에서 발생하는 액적의 양을 계산하는 모델이 중요하다. 또한 핵연료 부풀음에 의해 유동 막힘 현상이 발생한 경우, 추가적인 액적 거동이 발생하여 노심 열수력 거동에 영향을 미친다. 이를 토대로 본 연구에서는 재관수 단계의 노심에서 발생하는 액적 이탈 현상과 유동 막힘 조건의 액적 충돌 열전달에 대해 중점적으로 조사하였다.

재관수 과정동안 고온의 핵연료에 의해 노심에서는 핵연료 근처의 증기와 유동 중심의 액상 및 액적으로 구성된 post-dryout 유동 양식이 형성된다. 그러나 현존하는 액적 이탈 모델은 post-dryout 양식에서 관찰된 액적 이탈 현상을 제대로 반영하지 않고 있었다. 이를 보완하기 위해, 본 연구에서는 post-dryout 유동 가시화 실험에서 확인된 액적 이탈 현상을 기반으로 불안정성 분석과 경험적 상관식을 적용하여 새로운 액적 이탈 모델을 제시하였다. 기존의 액적 이탈 모델과 새롭게 제안한 모델은 CUPID 코드에 구현되었고, FEBA와 FLECHT SEASET 재관수 실험데이터를 이용하여 모델 평가를 진행하였다. 그 결과 새 모델이 두 실험의 최대 피복재 온도와 급랭 시간을 가장 잘 예측하였고, 또한 높이에 따른 봉다발의 온도 거동도 적절히 예측하였다.

핵연료 팽창에 의해 유동 막힘이 만들어진 경우, 막힘부 하류에서 유로 면적의 변화에 의해 유동 박리와 재부착 현상이 일어난다. 이 현상들은 난류와 와도를 강하게 만들고, 그로 인해 열 및 질량 전달의 증진을 유발한다. 기존의 유동 막힘 모델에서는 단상 열전달의 증진은 고려하고 있었지만, 액적의 질량 전달 증진은 고려하지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 급확대 원관 (abrupt pipe expansion) 실험에서 측정한 최대 질량 전달 계수와 완전 발달영역의 질량 전달 계수의 비를 이용하여 액적의 질량 전달 강화 인자를 도출하였다. 그리고 액적이 연료봉으로 접근하는 양을 정확히 계산하기 위해 액적 점착 실험데이터를 이용하여 개선된 액적 점착 모델을 제시하였다. 액적 점착 모델과 강화 인자로 구성된 액적 충돌 열전달 모델을 CUPID 코드에 삽입하였고, 다양한 압력, 재관수율, 막힘 비율 조건을 가진 FEBA의 유동 막힘 실험데이터를 이용하여 평가하였다. 액적 충돌 열전달 모델을 적용한 결과, 코드는 막힘부 하류에서 빠르게 냉각되는 봉다발의 온도 거동에 대해 정확한 결과를 제공하였다.