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국문초록 21

I. 서론 23

1. 연구배경 및 필요성 23

2. 연구목적 29

II. 연구대상 및 방법 31

1. 연구대상 31

2. 연구방법 31

2.1. 현미경 관찰 31

2.2. 주성분 Mapping 및 성분분석 32

2.3. 라만분광분석 32

III. 연구결과 37

1. Cu-Sn 청동유물의 부식 특성 분석 37

1.1. 청동합(BA-1) 37

1.2. 청동완(BA-2) 47

1.3. 청동합(BA-3) 57

1.4. 청동숟가락(BA-4) 69

1.5. 청동발(BA-5) 79

1.6. 청동발(BA-6) 92

1.7. 청동숟가락(BA-7) 98

2. Cu-Sn-Pb 청동유물의 부식 특성 분석 108

2.1. 청동발(TA-1) 108

2.2. 청동합(TA-2) 125

2.3. 청동합(TA-3) 136

2.4. 청동합(TA-4) 154

2.5. 청동합(TA-5) 171

2.6. 청동병(TA-6) 184

IV. 고찰 200

1. 출토 청동유물의 부식 특성 200

1.1. Cu-Sn 청동유물의 부식 특성 200

1.2. Cu-Sn-Pb 청동유물의 부식 특성 201

2. 출토 청동유물의 부식층 유형 203

2.1. 부식층 유형 분류 203

2.2. 유형별 부식층 형성 과정 204

3. 출토 청동유물의 부식생성물 특성 212

3.1. 구리계열 부식생성물 212

3.2. 주석계열 부식생성물 214

3.3. 납계열 부식생성물 216

V. 결론 218

참고문헌 219

Abstract 225

표목차

Table 1. Metallurgical properties of Cu-Sn alloy samples 33

Table 2. Metallurgical properties of Cu-Sn-Pb alloy samples 33

Table 3. Description of the external corrosion layers of Cu-Sn alloy samples 34

Table 4. Description of the external corrosion layers of Cu-Sn-Pb alloy samples 35

Table 5. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal... 41

Table 6. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal... 41

Table 7. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in metallic area... 42

Table 8. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in metallic... 43

Table 9. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal... 50

Table 10. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in metallic... 52

Table 11. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in metallic... 52

Table 12. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in metallic... 54

Table 13. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal... 63

Table 14. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in metallic... 63

Table 15. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in external... 63

Table 16. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal... 66

Table 17. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal... 66

Table 18. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal... 73

Table 19. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal... 75

Table 20. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal... 75

Table 21. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal... 75

Table 22. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal and... 83

Table 23. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in metallic... 84

Table 24. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal... 85

Table 25. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal and... 88

Table 26. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 88

Table 27. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in external... 89

Table 28. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal and... 90

Table 29. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal and... 96

Table 30. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal and... 96

Table 31. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal... 102

Table 32. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal... 103

Table 33. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal... 104

Table 34. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in metallic... 114

Table 35. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in metallic... 114

Table 36. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in metallic... 114

Table 37. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal... 116

Table 38. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in metallic... 117

Table 39. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in metallic... 118

Table 40. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 130

Table 41. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 130

Table 42. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 131

Table 43. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 131

Table 44. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 141

Table 45. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 141

Table 46. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in external corrosion... 143

Table 47. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in external... 145

Table 48. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in external... 146

Table 49. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in external... 147

Table 50. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in external... 149

Table 51. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 158

Table 52. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal and... 160

Table 53. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in external corrosion... 161

Table 54. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal and... 163

Table 55. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in external corrosion... 164

Table 56. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal and... 166

Table 57. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal... 176

Table 58. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal and... 177

Table 59. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in external... 178

Table 60. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal and... 180

Table 61. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in external... 181

Table 62. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in external... 188

Table 63. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal... 189

Table 64. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal and... 190

Table 65. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal... 192

Table 66. SEM-EDS analysis results of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 194

Table 67. Characteristic of corrosion products in bronze artifacts. 217

그림목차

Figure 1. Cross-section micrograph of bronze vessel(BA-1). 37

Figure 2. SEM-EDS mapping results of site-ⓐ of bronze vessel(BA-1). 38

Figure 3. Microstructure of internal corrosion region of bronze... 39

Figure 4. Cross-section of internal corrosion layers(site-ⓐ-1) of bronze... 40

Figure 5. Cross-section of internal corrosion layers(site-ⓐ-2) of bronze... 40

Figure 6. Cross-section of metallic area(site-ⓑ) of bronze vessel(BA-1) ;... 42

Figure 7. Cross-section of metallic area(site-ⓒ) of bronze vessel(BA-1) ;... 43

Figure 8. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in... 44

Figure 9. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 45

Figure 10. Raman spectrums of corrosion... 46

Figure 11. Cross-section micrograph of bronze bowl(BA-2). 47

Figure 12. SEM-EDS mapping results of site-ⓑ of bronze bowl(BA-2). 48

Figure 13. Microstructure of internal corrosion region of bronze... 49

Figure 14. Cross-section of internal corrosion layers(site-ⓐ) of bronze... 50

Figure 15. Cross-section of metallic area(site-ⓑ-1) of bronze bowl(BA-2)... 51

Figure 16. Cross-section of metallic area(site-ⓑ-2) of bronze bowl(BA-2)... 51

Figure 17. Cross-section of metallic area(site-ⓒ) of bronze bowl(BA-2) ;... 53

Figure 18. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 54

Figure 19. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in metallic area(site-ⓑ... 55

Figure 20. Raman spectrums of corrosion... 56

Figure 21. Cross-section micrograph of bronze vessel(BA-3). 57

Figure 22. SEM-EDS mapping results of site-ⓐ of bronze vessel(BA-3). 58

Figure 23. SEM-EDS mapping results of site-ⓑ of bronze vessel(BA-3). 59

Figure 24. Microstructure of internal corrosion region of bronze... 60

Figure 25. Cross-section of site-ⓐ of bronze vessel(BA-3) ; (left) Optical... 61

Figure 26. Cross-section of internal corrosion layers(site-ⓑ) of bronze... 65

Figure 27. Cross-section of internal corrosion layers(site-ⓒ) of bronze... 65

Figure 28. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal and external... 67

Figure 29. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in metallic area(site-ⓐ)... 67

Figure 30. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 68

Figure 31. Cross-sections micrograph of bronze spoon(BA-4). 69

Figure 32. SEM-EDS mapping results of site-ⓐ of bronze spoon(BA-4). 70

Figure 33. SEM-EDS mapping results of site-ⓑ of bronze spoon(BA-4). 70

Figure 34. Line scan results of site-ⓐ of bronze spoon(BA-4). 71

Figure 35. Microstructure of internal corrosion region of bronze... 72

Figure 36. Cross-section of internal corrosion layers(site-ⓐ) of bronze... 73

Figure 37. Cross-section of internal corrosion layers(site-ⓑ) of bronze... 74

Figure 38. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 76

Figure 39. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 77

Figure 40. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 78

Figure 41. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 78

Figure 42. Cross-sections micrograph of bronze bowl(BA-5). 79

Figure 43. SEM-EDS mapping results of site-ⓐ of bronze bowl(BA-5). 80

Figure 44. SEM-EDS mapping results of site-ⓑ of bronze bowl(BA-5). 80

Figure 45. Microstructure of internal corrosion region of bronze... 81

Figure 46. Cross-section of internal and external corrosion layers(site-ⓐ-1)... 83

Figure 47. Cross-section of metallic area(site-ⓐ-2) of bronze bowl(BA-5) ;... 84

Figure 48. Cross-sections of internal corrosion layers(site-ⓐ-3) of bronze... 85

Figure 49. Cross-section of internal and external corrosion layers(site-ⓑ-1)... 87

Figure 50. Cross-section of internal corrosion layers(site-ⓑ-2) of bronze... 87

Figure 51. Cross-section of external corrosion layers(site-ⓑ-3) of bronze... 89

Figure 52. Cross-section of internal and external corrosion layers(site-ⓒ) of... 90

Figure 53. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 91

Figure 54. Cross-section micrograph of bronze vessel(BA-6). 92

Figure 55. SEM-EDS mapping results of site-ⓐ of bronze bowl(BA-6). 93

Figure 56. Cross-section of internal and external corrosion layers(site-ⓐ-1)... 95

Figure 57. Cross-section of internal and external corrosion layers(site-ⓐ-2)... 95

Figure 58. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 97

Figure 59. Cross-section micrograph of bronze spoon(BA-7). 98

Figure 60. SEM-EDS mapping results of site-ⓑ of bronze spoon(BA-7). 99

Figure 61. Microstructure of internal corrosion region of bronze spoon(BA-7)... 100

Figure 62. Cross-sections of internal corrosion layers(site-ⓐ-1) of bronze... 101

Figure 63. Cross-sections of internal corrosion layers(site-ⓐ-2) of bronze... 103

Figure 64. Cross-sections of internal corrosion layers(site-ⓑ) of bronze... 104

Figure 65. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 106

Figure 66. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 106

Figure 67. Raman spectrums(1) of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 107

Figure 68. Raman spectrums(2) of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 107

Figure 69. Cross-section micrograph of the bronze bowl(TA-1). 108

Figure 70. SEM-EDS mapping results of site-ⓐ of bronze vessel(BA-1). 109

Figure 71. Microstructure of internal corrosion region of bronze bowl(TA-1) ;... 110

Figure 72. Cross-sections of internal corrosion layers(site-ⓐ) of... 110

Figure 73. Cross-section of corrosion products in metallic area and... 113

Figure 74. Cross-section of corrosion products in internal layer(site-ⓑ-1)... 115

Figure 75. Cross-section of corrosion products in metallic area(site-ⓑ-2)... 117

Figure 76. Cross-section of corrosion products in metallic area(site-ⓑ-3)... 118

Figure 77. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in metallic area(site-ⓐ... 120

Figure 78. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in metallic area(site-ⓐ... 120

Figure 79. Raman spectrums(1) of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 121

Figure 80. Raman spectrums(2) of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 121

Figure 81. Raman spectrums of corrosion products... 122

Figure 82. Raman spectrums(1) of corrosion products in internal... 123

Figure 83. Raman spectrums(2) of corrosion products in internal... 124

Figure 84. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 124

Figure 85. Cross-section micrograph of bronze vessel(TA-2). 125

Figure 86. SEM-EDS mapping results of site-ⓐ of bronze vessel(TA-2). 126

Figure 87. SEM-EDS mapping results of site-ⓑ of bronze vessel(TA-2). 126

Figure 88. Microstructure of internal corrosion region of bronze vessel(TA-2)... 127

Figure 89. Cross-section of internal corrosion layers(site-ⓐ-1,2,3) of... 128

Figure 90. Cross-section of internal corrosion layers(site-ⓐ-4) of bronze... 128

Figure 91. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 133

Figure 92. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 133

Figure 93. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 134

Figure 94. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 134

Figure 95. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal layers(site-... 135

Figure 96. Cross-section micrograph of bronze vessel(TA-3). 136

Figure 97. SEM-EDS mapping results of site-ⓐ of bronze vessel(TA-3). 138

Figure 98. SEM-EDS mapping results of site-ⓑ of bronze vessel(TA-3). 138

Figure 99. Microstructure of internal corrosion region of bronze vessel(TA-3)... 139

Figure 100. Cross-section of internal corrosion layers(site-ⓐ-1) of bronze... 140

Figure 101. Cross-section of internal corrosion layers(site-ⓐ-2) of bronze... 140

Figure 102. Cross-section of external corrosion layers(site-ⓑ-1) of bronze... 143

Figure 103. Cross-section of external corrosion layers(site-ⓑ-2) of bronze... 144

Figure 104. Cross-section of external corrosion layers(site-ⓑ-3) of bronze... 146

Figure 105. Cross-section of external corrosion layers(site-ⓒ-1) of bronze... 147

Figure 106. Cross-section of external corrosion layers(site-ⓒ-2) of bronze... 148

Figure 107. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 150

Figure 108. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in external corrosion... 151

Figure 109. Raman spectrums(1) of corrosion products in external... 151

Figure 110. Raman spectrums(2) of corrosion products in external... 152

Figure 111. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal and... 152

Figure 112. Raman spectrum of corrosion products in external corrosion... 153

Figure 113. Raman spectrum of corrosion products in external corrosion... 153

Figure 114. Cross-sections micrograph of bronze vessel(TA-4). 154

Figure 115. SEM-EDS mapping results of site-ⓐ of bronze vessel(TA-4). 156

Figure 116. SEM-EDS mapping results of site-ⓑ of bronze vessel(TA-4). 156

Figure 117. Microstructure of internal corrosion region of bronze vessel(TA-4)... 157

Figure 118. Cross-section of internal corrosion layer(site-ⓐ-1) of bronze... 158

Figure 119. Cross-section of internal and external corrosion layer(site-ⓐ... 159

Figure 120. Cross-section of external corrosion layer(site-ⓐ-3) of bronze... 161

Figure 121. Cross-section of internal and external corrosion layer(site-ⓑ... 162

Figure 122. Cross-section of external corrosion layer(site-ⓑ-2) of bronze... 164

Figure 123. Cross-section of internal and external corrosion layer(site-ⓒ)... 165

Figure 124. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal and external layer(site-... 168

Figure 125. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal and external... 168

Figure 126. Raman spectrums(1) of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 169

Figure 127. Raman spectrums(2) of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 170

Figure 128. Raman spectrum of corrosion products... 170

Figure 129. Cross-sections micrograph of bronze vessel(TA-5). 171

Figure 130. SEM-EDS mapping results of site-ⓐ of bronze vessel(TA-5). 172

Figure 131. SEM-EDS mapping results of site-ⓑ of bronze vessel(TA-5). 173

Figure 132. Microstructure of internal corrosion region of bronze vessel(TA-5)... 174

Figure 133. Cross-section of internal corrosion layers(site-ⓐ-1) of bronze... 176

Figure 134. Cross-section of internal and external corrosion layers(site-ⓐ-2)... 177

Figure 135. Cross-section of external corrosion layers(site-ⓑ-1) of bronze... 178

Figure 136. Cross-section of internal and external corrosion layers(site-ⓑ-2)... 179

Figure 137. Cross-section of external corrosion layers(site-ⓑ-3) of bronze... 181

Figure 138. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 182

Figure 139. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal and... 183

Figure 140. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 183

Figure 141. Cross-sections micrograph of bronze bottle(TA-6). 184

Figure 142. SEM-EDS mapping results of site-ⓑ in bronze bottle(TA-6). 185

Figure 143. Microstructure of internal corrosion region of bronze bottle(TA-6)... 186

Figure 144. Cross-sections of site-ⓐ of bronze bottle(TA-6) ; (left) Optical... 187

Figure 145. Cross-section of external corrosion layers(site-ⓐ-1) of bronze... 187

Figure 146. Cross-section of internal corrosion layers(site-ⓐ-2) of bronze... 189

Figure 147. Cross-section of internal and external corrosion layers(site-ⓐ... 190

Figure 148. Cross-sections of site-ⓑ-up of bronze bottle(TA-6) ; (left) Optical... 191

Figure 149. Cross-section of internal corrosion layers(site-ⓑ-1) of bronze... 192

Figure 150. Cross-sections of site-ⓑ-down of bronze bottle(TA-6) ; (left) Optical... 194

Figure 151. Cross-section of internal corrosion layers(site-ⓑ-2) of bronze... 194

Figure 152. Raman spectrum of corrosion products... 196

Figure 153. Raman spectrums(1) of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 196

Figure 154. Raman spectrums(2) of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 197

Figure 155. Raman spectrums of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 198

Figure 156. Raman spectrums(1) of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 199

Figure 157. Raman spectrums(2) of corrosion products in internal corrosion... 199

Figure 158. The formation of three type corrosion structure. 203

Figure 159. Type 1 of corrosion structure. 204

Figure 160. Type 2 of corrosion structure. 207

Figure 161. Type 3 of corrosion structure. 209

Figure 162. Raman spectrums of Cassiterite. 215

Figure 163. Raman spectrums of Cassiterite. 215

Figure 164. Color of Cerrusite 216

초록보기

출토 청동유물은 합금원소 및 합금비, 제작 공정 등의 내적 요인(Endogenous factors)과 매장환경 내의 pH, 온·습도, 용존 산소량 및 토질 특성 등의 외적 요인(Exogenous factors)에 의해 부식이 발생한다. 청동유물은 합금원소별 산화-환원전위차로 인한 부식이 발생하는데, 구리와 주석의 상대적인 비율에 따라 구리 또는 주석이 선택적으로 제거되거나, 제작 과정에서 첨가된 납이 우선적으로 부식되는 현상이 나타난다. 또한 주조 후 단조 및 열처리 등의 다양한 제작 기술이 적용됨에 따라 α, β, γ, δ, ε상 등의 다양한 상들이 나타나는데, 각 미세조직별 성분조성 차이로 인한 선택 부식이 발생하게 된다. 또한 매장 환경 내부의 pH, 온·습도, 용존산소 및 수분(함수량) 등과 함께 토양 내부에 포함된 염소이온(Chlorine) 및 황산화물(Sulphite), 토양 입자 크기에 따른 다공성 등의 외적 요인으로 인해 형태 및 화학적 특성이 다양한 부식생성물이 형성된다. 이와 같이 출토 청동유물은 내적 요인 뿐만 아니라 토양 환경 내 존재하는 다양한 외적 요인들이 복합적으로 작용하여 부식이 발생하므로 정확한 부식메커니즘을 유추하기 어렵다. 따라서 부식층위구조 및 부식생성물의 색상과 형태에 대한 조사를 기반으로 각 층위별 부식생성물의 화학적 특성을 확인함으로써 부식층 및 부식생성물의 형성과정을 규명하는 종합적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구에서는 동일 유적에서 출토된 청동유물의 부식층 및 부식생성물을 대상으로 다각적인 분석을 통해 부식 요인을 확인하고, 그에 따른 부식층 형성 과정 및 부식생성물의 특성을 밝히고자 하였다. 이러한 분석결과를 바탕으로 부식층 형성 구조 및 각 층위별 부식생성물의 종류에 따른 유형 분류를 통해 다양한 형태로 구성된 출토 청동유물의 부식층위구조를 대변할 수 있는 분류 기준을 제시하고자 하였다.

먼저 금속현미경 및 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 미세조직 부식 특성과 부식층위구조 및 부식생성물의 형태학적 특징을 관찰하였다. 이어 SEM-EDS를 이용하여 부식층의 주성분 Mapping 분석 및 부식생성물의 성분분석을 실시하였으며, 라만분광분석을 통해 부식생성물의 화합물 종류를 확인하였다.

Cu-Sn 및 Cu-Sn-Pb 청동유물의 미세조직 부식 특성 관찰을 통해 합금 원소 및 합금비, 제작 공정 등의 내적 요인에 의해 나타나는 부식 특성 및 부식 확산 경로를 확인하였다. 이와 함께 부식층 형성 구조 및 부식생성물 특성 분석을 통해 출토 청동유물의 탈구리 현상에 의해 형성되는 고주석 내부 부식층의 특성을 확인하였으며, Cu 및 Pb 이온의 이동과 매장 환경 내 외부 부식인자인 O₂, H₂O, CO₂, Cl 이온 등의 유입에 따라 층위별 다양한 종류의 부식생성물이 형성되는 것을 확인하였다.

연구결과를 종합하여 청동유물의 부식층 및 부식생성물에 대한 종합적인 레퍼런스를 구축하였으며, 부식층위구조 및 각 층위별 부식생성물의 종류를 기준으로 부식층 형성 구조를 3가지 유형으로 분류하였다.

본 연구는 특정 유적 내에서 출토된 청동유물 중 일부를 대상으로 진행되었으므로, 다양한 부식환경에 출토된 청동유물의 부식메커니즘과 부식층 유형을 전체적으로 대변하기에는 어려움이 있다. 따라서 향후 다양한 유적에서 출토된 청동유물을 대상으로 부식메커니즘 규명 연구가 활발히 진행되기를 기대한다.