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국회도서관 홈으로 정보검색 소장정보 검색

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동의어 포함

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Title Page

Abstract

Contents

I. INTRODUCTION 14

II. Theoretical background 18

2.1. PHR (Planar Hall Resistance) Sensor 18

2.2. Differential mode 20

2.3. Magnetic field annealing 21

2.4. Noise classification 22

III. Materials and method 24

3.1. Fabrication of PHR sensor 24

3.1.1. Substrate preparation 24

3.1.2. Photolithography process 24

3.1.3. Sputtering system 27

3.1.4. DC Sputtering system 27

3.1.5. RF Sputtering system 28

3.1.6. Magnetron Sputtering 29

3.1.7. Magnetic field annealing 29

3.2. Measurement technology 30

3.2.1. Measurement method of PHR sensor 30

3.2.2. Vibrating Sample Magnetometers (VSM) 31

3.2.3. Magneto Optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) 32

3.2.4. Noise measurement of PHR sensor 33

IV. Result and Discussion 34

4.1. Improvement of PHR sensor sensitivity 34

4.1.1. Comparison of bilayer and trilayer 34

4.1.2. Architecture optimization of PHR sensor 35

4.1.3. Using soft magnetic material 37

4.1.4. FeMn as a substitute for IrMn 40

4.1.5. One-chip type of differential mode PHR sensor 44

4.1.6. The dependence of sensitivity on applied field angle 47

4.2. Improvement of PHR sensor stability 49

4.2.1. Response to horizontal and vertical magnetic fields 49

4.2.2. Restoring of sensor's signal after thermal exposure at high temperature 50

4.2.3. The dependence of PHR offset voltage and voltage drift on unbalance sensor 53

4.2.4. Thermal drift and temperature coefficients 54

4.2.5. Offset voltage and noise analysis 57

4.3. Magnetic resolution and frequency response 64

4.4. Specifications for current sensor modules using PHR sensor 65

V. Conclusion 66

References 69

요약문 73

List of Tables

Table 1. Photolithography process and conditions. 25

Table 2. Sensor structure parameter. 40

Table 3. Temperature coefficients of AMR and PHR drifts in cross-type and wheatstone... 57

Table 4. Kinds of noise; intrinsic, extrinsic, and intermixing noise. 63

Table 5. Performance comparison with commercial current sensor. 65

List of Figures

Figure 1. Contribution and influence of MR sensor technology on smart living concepts... 16

Figure 2. Roadmap for MR sensor applications. 17

Figure 3. Principle of operation of Hall, AMR and PHR sensors. (a) Comparison between... 19

Figure 4. Differential mode concept according to magnetic field. (a) Conceptual schematic... 20

Figure 5. Rearrangement of magnetic thin films in the magnetization direction using... 21

Figure 6. Relationship of spin coater speed and photoresist film thickness. 25

Figure 7. Lithography process flowchart for fabrication of sensor. 26

Figure 8. DC magnetron sputter system used to fabricated sensor and electrode. 27

Figure 9. Composition and principle of DC sputter. (a) schematic diagram of a Direct... 28

Figure 10. Schematic diagram of magnetic field composition for circular plane magnetic... 28

Figure 11. A magnetic resistance measurement system capable of measuring (a) in plane,... 31

Figure 12. VSM measurement system principle. (a) VSM measurement method. (b) The... 31

Figure 13. Polar, Longitudinal, Transverse MOKE operation principles. 32

Figure 14. Thin film structural schematics for (a) bilayer and (b) trilayer 35

Figure 15. Characteristics comparison between bilayer and trilayer. (a) Saturation field,... 35

Figure 16. Image of 11ring and 17ring sensors fabricated for comparison of output... 36

Figure 17. Comparison of saturation field of (a) 11 ring and (b) 17 ring type PHR sensors. 36

Figure 18. Comparison of output voltage of (a) 11 ring and (b) 17 ring type PHR sensor. 37

Figure 19. Comparison of sensitivity of (a) 11 ring and (b) 17 ring type PHR sensors. 37

Figure 20. Thin film structure applied NiFeCr material to (a) FM and (b) AFM layer. (c)... 38

Figure 21. VSM measurement of thin film applied NiFeCr material to FM, AFM, and...[원문불량;p.26] 39

Figure 22. PHR signal from sensors fabricated by Cu and NiFeCr on the spacer layer in...[그림없음] 39

Figure 23. Trilayer PHR sensor signal using FeMn(15nm). 41

Figure 24. NANO-MOKE measurement result of PHR sensor fabricated using FeMn.... 41

Figure 25. Signal components of a PHR sensor fabricated using FeMn. 42

Figure 26. Comparison of signals of PHR sensor fabricated after replacing IrMn, an... 42

Figure 27. Optimization of FeMn thickness to replace IrMn. (a) Sensor structure using... 43

Figure 28. Comparison of signals from sensors fabricated using IrMn and FeMn. (a)... 43

Figure 29. Wet-etching process for differential mode operation. The wet-etching process... 45

Figure 30. Lift-off process for differential mode operation. In contrast to the wet-etching... 46

Figure 31. Measure surface condition using SEM for sensors fabricated with lift-off. 46

Figure 32. Schematic diagram of the direction of the applied magnetic field and the angle... 47

Figure 33. Sensitivity measurement result for each angle using trilayer PHR sensor. 48

Figure 34. Comparison of the sensitivity measurement results and calculated values for... 48

Figure 35. Schematic diagram of horizontal and vertical magnetic field system and signal measurement. 49

Figure 36. Comparison of signal from PHR sensor according to exposure temperature.... 50

Figure 37. Sensor signal restoration using magnetic field heat treatment. (a) Measurement... 51

Figure 38. Stability of PHR sensors after heat treatment in applied magnetic field. (a) As-... 52

Figure 39. The unbalance length rate (%) of PHR sensor architecture. 53

Figure 40. The offset variation for PHR sensor unbalance length. (a) PHR sensor signal... 54

Figure 41. The voltage drift variation for unbalance length of (a) PHR sensor and (b)... 54

Figure 42. (a) Method of measurement of PHR sensor, (b) fabricated cross type sensor, (c)... 55

Figure 43. Offset voltage drift of AMR sensor and PHR sensor with temperature variation. 56

Figure 44. Signal comparison between balance sensor and unbalance sensor according to temperature. 56

Figure 45. Schematic diagram of sensor structural design. (a) Sensor (b) red and purple... 57

Figure 46. Offset measurement result using a structure capable of offset adjustment. 58

Figure 47. PHR sensor noise measurement by temperature. (a) PHR sensor noise... 59

Figure 48. Example of how to adjust resistance on a Wheatstone bridge type PHMR sensor. 59

Figure 49. Noise measurement by offset voltage. (a) Offset voltage change through sensor... 60

Figure 50. Noise measurement of sensors with different offset voltage. 60

Figure 51. Noise measurement according to battery source and current source meter mode. 61

Figure 52. (a) Noise spectra measurements using the driving current source for different... 62

Figure 53. Average noise comparison between current source meter and battery source...[원문불량;p.49] 62

Figure 54. Comparison of noise voltage in constant current and voltage modes. Noise... 63

Figure 55. Comparison of PHR sensor and fluxmeter magnetic field resolution (a) 60 nT...[원문불량;p.51] 64

Figure 56. Measurement of frequency response of PHR sensor. Frequency range... 64

초록보기

자기센서는 전기자동차와 바이오 진단 분야 등 다양한 물리량을 측정 할 수 있는 응용 어플리케이션에 핵심요소로 많은 형태로 개발되고 있다. 최근 엔진 기반의 자동차 산업에서 자동 제어 시스템의 속도 제어, 네비게이션, 스티어링 및 주차 제어 모듈 등에 적용되던 자기센서는 현재 전기 자동차로의 전환점을 맞이하면서 사용 범위가 점차 확대되고 있으며, 스마트그리드, 스마트운송수단 같은 정밀 전류 제어 분야에서도 사용되고 있다. 또한 자기센서의 비접촉 방식을 이용한 질병의 조기 진단, 건강모니터링 그리고 POCT(Point Of Care Testing) 등 바이오 산업 분야에서도 체외진단장치로써 연구개발이 진행되고 있다. 이러한 자기센서의 활용을 위해서 가장 중요한 특성은 민감도와 안정성이다. 현재까지 높은 민감도를 획득하기 위해서 반도체 hall sensor, AMR, GMR, TMR, 그리고 PHR 센서 소재 개발을 지속해 왔다. 또한 동일한 2 종의 센서의 신호를 합친 differential mode 와 같은 센서 구성의 변화를 통해 센서의 민감도와 안정성을 향상시켰다.

이 논문에서는 휘스톤브릿지 형태의 PHR 센서를 제작하여 센서의 민감도를 향상시키기 위한 방법과 센서의 열적 안정성에 대해 연구하였다. 첫번째로 센서의 구성 재료와 형태의 변경 그리고 differential mode 을 통한 민감도 분석 및 개선을 실시하였으며, ROIC 와 센서를 원칩에 제작 할 수 있는 wet-etching 과 lift-off 공정을 통해서 센서 모듈 크기를 축소시켰다. 특히 NiFeCr, FeMn 과 같은 물질을 사용하여 센서의 구성 물질을 변경하고 센서 신호 분석을 수행했습니다. 두 번째로 센서 모듈 고온 패키징 과정 후 센서가 정상적으로 작동 할 수 있도록 자기장 열처리 방법을 도입하였으며, 자기장 열처리를 통해서 센서 신호 복원과 blocking temperature 를 높여줌으로써 안정성을 높였다. 마지막으로 센서의 오프셋 전압이 발생하는 원인을 파악하고 오프셋으로 인해 발생하는 신호 드리프트를 분석하였다. PHR 센서의 높은 열적 안정성을 확인하였으며, 오프셋 전압과 신호 드리프트의 연관성을 파악하였다. 이 과정을 통해서 오프셋 전압을 제거 할 수 있는 센서 구조를 설계 및 제작하였다. 오프셋 조절이 가능한 센서 구조를 통해서 오프셋 전압과 노이즈의 원인 규명 및 해결방안을 제시하였으며, 센서의 노이즈 및 감도를 획기적으로 높일 수 있었다.