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동의어 포함
Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
1. Introduction 15
1.1. Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems 15
1.2. The standard communication technologies in C-ITS 18
1.3. Challenges of C-ITS 19
1.4. C-ITS components and interactions 21
1.5. Urban environments and Highway environments 23
1.6. Dissertation Contribution 25
1.6.1. Hierarchical Network Architecture for Non-Safety Applications in Urban Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks 25
1.6.2. Component-Based Interactive Framework for Intelligent Transportation Cyber-Physical Systems 26
1.6.3. Distributed Urban Platooning towards High Flexibility, Adaptability, and Stability 28
1.7. Organization of Dissertation 29
2. Related Works 31
2.1. Challenges: wireless networks and heterogeneity 31
2.2. Interactions for Vehicle to Vehicle 32
2.2.1. Highway platooning protocol 32
2.2.2. Urban platooning protocol 35
2.3. Interactions for heterogenous networks 37
2.3.1. IEEE WAVE 37
2.3.2. NFC 38
2.3.3. Bluetooth 38
2.3.4. Cellular 39
2.3.5. Wi-Fi Direct 41
2.4. Interactions for CAVs and NAVs 41
2.4.1. Safety and human factors 42
2.4.2. Interactive environments 45
3. Hierarchical Network Architecture for Non-Safety Applications in Urban Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks 49
3.1. Introduction 49
3.2. A Hybrid V2V Communication System 57
3.2.1. System Overview 60
3.2.2. Cellular-Based Centralized Control Model 63
3.2.3. Wi-Fi Direct-Based Local Data Propagation 75
3.3. System Prototype Implementation 80
3.3.1. Feasibility Assessment of Forming LAG 83
3.4. Evaluation 85
3.4.1. Connection Establishment Time 86
3.4.2. Experimental Environment 88
3.4.3. Experimental Results 91
3.5 Summary 96
4. Component-Based Interactive Framework for Intelligent Transportation Cyber-Physical Systems 100
4.1. Introduction 100
4.2. Problem Description and Background on Intelligent Transportation Cyber-Physical Systems 104
4.2.1. Requirements for an Interactive ITCPS Framework 105
4.3. A Component-Based Interactive ITCPS Framework 108
4.3.1. Conceptual Design 110
4.3.2. Detailed Design 116
4.4. Performance Evaluation 139
4.5. Effectiveness of an Interactive ITCPS Framework 145
4.5.1. Measured Variables and Reliability Analysis 148
4.5.2. Analysis of Driving Performance Affected by V2V Communication Support 151
4.5.3. Analysis of Factors Affecting Driving Safety Level 154
4.5.4. Discussion 158
4.6. Summary 159
5. Distributed Urban Platooning towards High Flexibility, Adaptability, and Stability 163
5.1. Introduction 163
5.2. Distributed Urban Platooning Protocol 171
5.2.1. A Distributed Coordination for Urban Platooning 173
5.2.2. Flexible and Autonomous Platooning 182
5.2.3. Analytic Hierarchy Process-Based Forwarder Selection 193
5.3. Performance Evaluation 204
5.3.1. Experimental Environment 204
5.3.2. Experimental Results 207
5.4. Summary 226
6. Conclusion 229
6.1. Hybrid V2V Communication System 230
6.2. Interactive Intelligent Transportation Cyber-physical Systems 230
6.3. Distributed Urban Platooning Protocol 231
References 233
요약문 252
Figure 1.1. Components in ITS 20
Figure 3.1. Overview of the proposed hybrid V2V communication system. 62
Figure 3.2. Messages of a traffic controller. 74
Figure 3.3. Wi-Fi Direct connection sequence. 76
Figure 3.4. Messages of a vehicle node. 78
Figure 3.5. Design and implementation. (a) Overall structure of the implemented hybrid V2V communi-... 81
Figure 3.6. An internal message of a vehicle node. 83
Figure 3.7. Comparison between the time taken for the LAG formation of HVCS and Wi-Fi Direct. 85
Figure 3.8. Comparison between the connection establishment time of the proposed HVCS and Wi-Fi Direct. 87
Figure 3.9. Road network. 89
Figure 3.10. Throughput of the proposed system and the WAVE (the vehicle density was rounded off to... 92
Figure 3.11. System connection performance (the vehicle density was rounded off to the nearest whole... 93
Figure 3.12. Quality of service level for the video streaming service. 96
Figure 4.1. Overall architecture of an interactive intelligent transportation cyber-physical systems... 111
Figure 4.2. Movements of vehicles in four phase signals with the green light at a four-way intersection... 121
Figure 4.3. Design of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J7235 basic safety message Part 2 con-... 129
Figure 4.4. Modified structure of a SAE J2735 basic safety message for vehicle-to-vehicle communication 134
Figure 4.5. Human and hardware-in-the-loop system (H2iLS) for the interactive ITCPS framework: (a)... 138
Figure 4.6. Performance of the mean travel time and the mean intersection crossing time as a func-... 143
Figure 4.7. Speed change of the connected and non-automated vehicle (CNAV) as a function of time... 145
Figure 5.1. A channel access method defined for a distributed coordination. 175
Figure 5.2. A WAVE service advertisement message for urban platooning. 177
Figure 5.3. The basic format of three messages for urban platooning. 179
Figure 5.4. A structure for AHP-based selection method. 194
Figure 5.5. The road network used for the experiment. 205
Figure 5.6. Average travel time according to the time zone for each protocol: (a) Average travel time; (b)... 209
Figure 5.7. Average travel time over the driving distance at peak time zone 16. 210
Figure 5.8. Lifetime of local platoons: (a) Average lifetime of local platoons, representing the continuity... 213
Figure 5.9. Success ratio of joining maneuver: (a) Success ratio of a joining maneuver; (b) Failure ratio... 214
Figure 5.10. Drop ratio of basic safety messages. 217
Figure 5.11. Transmission periodicity of the urban platooning related messages: (a) Transmission success... 218
Figure 5.12. The effect of forwarder selection in distance gap: (a) Inter-vehicle distance under ESB-100... 222
Figure 5.13. Forwarder selection ratio for each platoon length under DUPP-100: (a) The effect of the... 223
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