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Title Page

Contents

Abstract 10

1. Introduction 12

2. Experimental details 17

2.1. Materials 17

2.2. Chip design and inkjet printing condition 17

2.3. Coating steps of conductive patterns for paper-based DMF chips 18

2.4. Characterization of PSU coating on printed patterns 18

2.5. Test of Electrowetting on PSU, heater, and temperature sensor 19

3. Results and discussion 20

3.1. Characterization of PSU coating 20

3.2. Electrowetting on PSU 25

3.3. Characterization of paper-based heater and temperature sensor 26

3.4. Overall chip design and thermocycles of PSU coated paper-based heater 32

4. Conclusion 36

References 38

List of Tables

Table 1. The setting conditions of material printer (DMP-2850) and ink cartridge to minimize the error rate of AgNP ink printing on photopapers 30

List of Figures

Figure 1. Lippmann-Young equation and schemes of digital droplet movement on photopaper using EWOD. (a) Static droplet at 0 V. θY is young's contact angle, γ is surface tension between...[이미지참조] 13

Figure 2. (a) The scheme of PSU/DMF spin coating, (b) Results of PSU coated on photopaper at humidity 25% 16

Figure 3. FE-SEM cross-section view of PSU coating on photopaper. The concentration of PSU/DMF solution is 15 w/v and the relative humidity of spin coating is 27 %. The... 20

Figure 4. (a) The composition of the PSU / DMF solution, the thickness of the PSU coating according to the rotational angular velocity (b) Theoretical threshold voltage of... 21

Figure 5. (a) Surface morphology of the PSU coating at 25% humidity measured by FE-SEM. The roughness of the PSU surface decreases with heat treatment corresponding to... 23

Figure 6. (a) Schematic diagram of paper-based DMF chip and its software mounted on UCLA E-drop device (b) Movement of droplet on paper-based DMF chip with PSU... 26

Figure 7. (a) FLIR camera image to cross-verify the thermal stability of the PSU coating (maximum temperature 172 ℃) (b) The weak connection of the electrode could not... 26

Figure 8. (a) The design of conductive pattern to perform Joule's heating and Resistance-Temperature Detector simultaneously (b) The heating performance of paper-based Ag... 27

Figure 9. (a) The error rate of actual printing results according to the temperature of the printing plate and the horizontal and vertical directions, and the length (b) The line... 29

Figure 10. (a) Surface image measured by FE-SEM of AgNP without heat treatment (b) Surface image measured by FE-SEM of AgNP annealed at 170 ℃ (c) The graph of sheet... 31

Figure 11. (a) The design of time-domain paper-based PCR chip (b) The droplet diameter on paper-based DMF chip versus droplet volume (c) The schemes of Virtual Reaction... 33

Figure 12. (a) The Voltage-Temperature curve of new paper-based heaters reflecting error rate and 2 layers printing (b) The performance test of temperature sensor reflecting error... 34

Figure 13. The thermocycles of droplets on PSU coated paper-based heater reflecting the newly optimized conditions. 34

초록보기

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a very widely useful technology to amplify the amount of target genes. For example, at diagnosis of epidemic like Covid-19, extracted suspected patients' DNA in nasopharyngeal smear is amplified to judge the infection. However, the conventional PCR methods are very expensive, not suitable for point-of care testing (POCT) and need the experts to manipulate the professional equipment. So, Lab-on a chip (LOC) has become a core technology to minimize the cost and size of the analytical devices. Specially, paper-based analytical devices are noteworthy to overcome the shortcomings of conventional PCR devices.

Here, we report the new fabricated disposable, low-cost, printing and paper-based PCR device to amplify the target genes. The conductive silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) patterns which have the role to move the PCR components in discrete liquid state, to heat the PCR sample and sense the temperature were printed on photopaper by inkjet printing. Also, unlike the general microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μ-PAD) were coated the Parylene-based material as dielectric layer using Chemical vaporization deposition (CVD), we fabricated the Polysulfone (PSU) as dielectric layer of Electrowetting-on dielectric (EWOD) device by using spin-coater. This new method is the lower price than Parylene-based microfluidic devices about 250 times as materials price and reduced the time of the coating process. If this new printed, low-cost, and portable PCR device is possible, we can send the patients' results of PCR to doctors via the portable device like smartphone and smart watch.

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