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Title Page

Abstract

Contents

Chapter Ⅰ. Lithium-ion battery (LIBs) 13

Chapter Ⅱ. A study on the Ti/Te/red-Phosphorus based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries 23

1. Introduction 23

2. Experiment 27

2.1. Material synthesis 27

2.2. Material characterization 29

2.3. Electrochemical measurements 30

3. Results and discussion 31

4. Conclusion 51

Conclusion 52

Reference 53

List of Tables

Table 2-1. The coulombic efficiency of Ti₅Te₄/P(30wt%)@C, Ti₅Te₄/P(30wt%), and Ti₅Te₄ at current density of 100 mA g⁻¹ for initial 10 cycles. 44

Table 2-2. The coulombic efficiency of the composites with increasing proportion of red phosphorus at current density of 100 mA g⁻¹ for initial 10 cycles. 46

List of Figures

Figure 1-1. Comparison of energy densities and specific energy of different rechargeable batteries. 16

Figure 1-2. Crystal structure schematic of three different types of anode according to their reaction with lithium. 22

Figure 2-1. The schematic description of the Ti₅Te₄P@C synthesis using a 3 step HEBM. 28

Figure 2-2. Substances manufactured by mixing and milling titanium and tellurium in various ratios. 31

Figure 2-3. Structure of Ti₅Te₄ composites 33

Figure 2-4. (a) XRD patterns of (a) Ti₅Te₄/P composites and (b) Ti₅Te₄P@C composites 34

Figure 2-5. (a) SEM, (b) TEM, (c) HR-TEM (d) STEM images and EDX mappings of Ti₅Te₄/P(10wt%)@C composite. 36

Figure 2-6. (a) SEM, (b) TEM, (c) HR-TEM (d) STEM images and EDX mappings of Ti₅Te₄/P(20wt%)@C composite. 37

Figure 2-7. (a) SEM, (b) TEM, (c) HR-TEM (d) STEM images and EDX mappings of Ti₅Te₄/P(30wt%)@C composite. 38

Figure 2-8. (a) Cyclic voltammetry of Ti₅Te₄/P(30wt%)@C at 0.1 mV s⁻¹ (b) Voltage profile of the Ti₅Te₄/P(30wt%)@C anode and suggested reaction 41

Figure 2-9. Voltage profiles at current of 100 mA g⁻¹ for (a) Ti₅Te₄, (b) Ti₅Te₄/P(30wt%), (c) Ti₅Te₄/P(30wt%)@C. 43

Figure 2-10. Voltage profiles at current of 100 mA g⁻¹ for (a) Ti₅Te₄/P(10wt%)@C, (b) Ti₅Te₄/P(20wt%)@C, (c) Ti₅Te₄/P(30wt%)@C. 45

Figure 2-11. Cycle performance at current densities of 100 mA g⁻¹ (a) Comparison of Ti₅Te₄/P(30wt%) composites with and without red-P,... 48

Figure 2-12. (a) rate capability (b) Normalized capacity retention of Ti₅Te₄/P@C at various current densities ranging from 0.1 to 5 Ag⁻¹. 50

초록보기

 Climate change and the depletion of fossil energy are occurring at a rapid pace around the world. In particular, as automobile regulations are in full swing, the electric vehicle market is growing, and secondary batteries are attracting attention as a device (ESS) that stores energy produced from renewable energy such as solar energy, hydroelectric power and wind power. Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs), which are mainly used in these mass storage devices, have advantages such as long cycle life, high energy density and rapid charging, so LiBs industry have great growth potential. Based on this scenario, Chapter I discusses the basic information about secondary batteries including lithium-ion batteries, four battery components (cathode, anode, electrolyte, and separator), and research methods.

Chapter II reports the analysis and evaluation on a novel composite Te/Ti/red-phosporus/C(Ti5Te4/P@C) as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Although alloy-based anode materials have the disadvantage of large volume expansion, they have advantages in high theoretical capacity and energy density, and thus are in the limelight as next-generation high-capacity anode materials. In this study, tellurium with excellent electrical conductivity and high volumetric capacity and red-phosphorus with high theoretical capacity were selected as the main anode materials. In order to solve the common drawback of the two anode materials (tellurium and red-phosphorus), the rapid expansion of volume, inert materials titanium and carbon were selected as matrix buffers. Selected Te, Ti, red-phosphorus and C were synthesized using a 3 step high energy ball milling (HEBM) technique were used as LIBs anode. In the case of the composite, it was confirmed through XRD data that as the ratio of synthesized red-phosphorus increases, the reactivity between titanium in Ti5Te4 and red-phosphorus increases and the tellurium in Ti5Te4 comes out separately. Analysis of the electrochemical properties of Ti5Te4/P@C composite at a current density of 100 mA g-1 showed 409 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles for Ti5Te4P(10wt%)@C, 460 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles for Ti5Te4P(20wt%)@C, and 594 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles for Ti5Te4P(30wt%)@C. In addition, as a result of evaluating rate capability by increasing current density by 3, 5, 10, 30, and 50 times up from 100 mA g-1, Ti5Te4P(30wt%)@C showed a retention rate of more than 94%. Therefore, the Ti5Te4P@C composite is considered to be a promising anode material for use as an anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.

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