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Title Page

ABSTRACT

Contents

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 12

1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 14

1.1. Solar Cell 14

1.1.1. Advantages of organic and perovskite solar cells 14

1.1.2. Principal and characterization of organic and perovskite solar cell 15

1.2. Bibliography 16

2. DEFECT PASSIVATION OF PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS 18

2.1. Introduction 18

2.2. Experimental Details 19

2.2.1. Materials 19

2.2.2. Device fabrications 19

2.2.3. Measurements and characterizations 20

2.3. Results and Discussions 22

2.4. Conclusions 29

2.5. Bibliography 30

3. INTERFACIAL ENGINEERING OF PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS WITH GRAPHENE FUNCTIONALIZED PDINO 32

3.1. Introduction 32

3.2. Experimental Details 33

3.2.1. Materials 33

3.2.2. Device fabrications 33

3.2.3. Measurements and characterizations 34

3.3. Results and Discussions 34

3.4. Conclusions 40

3.5. Bibliography 41

4. INTERFACIAL ENGINEERING OF PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS WITH MESOPOROUS STRUCTURED MOS₂ 44

4.1. Introduction 44

4.2. Experimental Details 45

4.2.1. Materials 45

4.2.2. Device fabrications 45

4.2.3. Measurements and characterizations 46

4.3. Results and Discussions 47

4.4. Conclusions 52

4.5. Bibliography 53

5. GRAPHENE-BASED FLEXIBLE ELECTRODE FOR ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS 54

5.1. Introduction 54

5.2. Experimental Details 55

5.2.1. Materials 55

5.2.2. Preparation of PI-integrated graphene electrode 55

5.3. Results and Discussions 57

5.4. Conclusions 63

5.5. Bibliography 64

6. SUMMARY 67

List of Tables

Table 2.3.1. Photovoltaic parameters of the inverted structured PSCs without and with Y-Th2 treatment measured in the reverse and forward scan directions. 25

Table 3.3.1. Photovoltaic parameters of inverted structured PSCs with different ETLs measured in the reverse scan direction. 36

Table 5.3.1. Photovoltaic parameters of PM6:Y6-based conventional structure OSCs using glass/ITO, PI/GR, and PI@GR as the transparent electrode. 62

List of Figures

Figure 1.1. Crystal Structure of perovskite. 15

Figure 1.2. Schematic illustration of working mechanism of solar cell. 15

Figure 2.3.1. Morphology, crystallinity, and optical property characterizations of perovskite films containing different concentrations of Y-Th2. (a) Top-view SEM images, (b) XRD patterns, (c) FWHM... 23

Figure 2.3.2. Photovoltaic performances of the inverted structured PSCs. (a) J-V characteristics of the devices without and with the Y-Th2 additive. The solid and dashed lines indicate the reverse (R) and... 25

Figure 2.3.3. Stability analysis of the PSCs under humid conditions. (a) Normalized PCEs of the devices without and with Y-Th2 after exposure to ambient air conditions (25 ℃, 40% RH). (b) Contact... 27

Figure 2.3.4. Stability analysis of PSCs under thermal stress. (a) Normalized PCE values of the devices without and with Y-Th2 tested at 85 ℃ in a N₂-filled glove box. (b) XRD patterns of perovskite films... 29

Figure 3.3.1. Device performance of inverted structured PSCs with various ETLs. (a) Schematic of the completed device structure and (b) corresponding flat-band energy level diagram. (c) J-V... 36

Figure 3.3.2. Structural characterization of PCBM films with various ETLs. (a-c) GIWAXS patterns and (d-f) corresponding line-cut profiles of PCBM film after removing the overlying layer of ZnO (a,d),... 37

Figure 3.3.3. Device stability analysis with different ETLs under ambient conditions. Normalized PCE values of devices under (a) 25 ℃, 45% RH and (b) 25 ℃, 85% RH conditions. (c) Water contact angles... 39

Figure 3.3.4. Thermal stability analysis of devices with various ETLs. (a) Normalized PCEs of the devices with various ETLs under thermal stress at 85 ℃ in a N2-filled glove box without encapsulation.... 40

Figure 4.3.1. Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous MoS₂. (a) Schematic illustration describing the hard-templating method for the synthesis of mesoporous MoS₂. (b) Top-view SEM image of the... 48

Figure 4.3.2. Morphological properties and residual strain behavior of perovskite film. Top-view and cross-sectional SEM images of perovskite films grown on (a) TiO₂ and (b) MoS₂ and (c,d)... 49

Figure 4.3.3. Photovoltaic performance of conventional mesoscopic structured PSCs. (a) J-V characteristics of the best-performing PSCs under AM 1.5G illumination. The inset presents the cross-... 51

Figure 4.3.4. Stability analysis of the PSCs under continuous incident illumination. (a) Normalized PCEs of the devices under continuous light illumination. (b) Photostability of the devices measured... 52

Scheme 5.3.1. Schematic describing the two-step fabrication process of PI@GR; 200 nm thin PI and 10 µm thick PI were applied as a carrier film during graphene transfer and a substrate for the graphene... 58

Figure 5.3.1. Characterization of PI@GR. (A) Raman spectrum and mapping of PI@GR. Red and green dashed circles represent the Raman peaks for PI (1000 cm⁻¹) and graphene (2700 cm⁻¹), respectively.... 59

Figure 5.3.2. Mechanical properties and durability of the graphene-based electrode. (A-C) Adhesion force map of (A) PET/GR, (B) PI/GR, and (C) PI@GR. (D) Normalized sheet resistance of PET/ITO,... 60

Figure 5.3.3. Device performance of OSCs using PI@GR electrode. (A and B) (A) Schematic of the completed device structure and (B) Corresponding flat-band energy level diagram. (C and D) (C) J-V... 62

Figure 5.3.4. Mechanical flexural performance of OSCs with various flexible electrodes. (A-C) Normalized PCE of flexible devices (A) at various radii of curvature after 1,000 cycles of the bending... 63

초록보기

 As the consumption of fossil fuels increases, the emission of CO₂, which is a major contributor to global warming, also rises. Consequently, global average temperatures and sea levels are increasing. The impact of global warming has led to intensified natural disasters such as typhoons and droughts, as well as damage caused by climate change and rising sea levels. To address these issues, extensive research is being conducted on sustainable and renewable energy development. Among various renewable energy sources, solar cells have gained significant attention due to their eco-friendliness, non-toxicity, and limitless energy potential. Among them, organic solar cells and perovskite solar cells have been extensively studied due to their mechanical flexibility, large-area fabrication capabilities, tunable bandgaps, and high efficiency. However, despite their advantages, these solar cell technologies still face challenges such as low stability in atmospheric conditions (light, moisture, heat), low mechanical stability against stress, and relatively low efficiency in flexible devices. Therefore, ongoing research is necessary to overcome these limitations. Various studies are being conducted to address these challenges. In the case of perovskite solar cells, research is focused on improving the efficiency and stability of the solar cells by eliminating defects in perovskite films using additives and enhancing charge transfer within the device through interfacial engineering. Additionally, to improve the efficiency and stability of low-flexibility solar cells, research is being conducted to develop new materials that enhance the flexibility and stability of each layer within the device and to explore new flexible electrodes. Since the advent of industrialization, humanity has devoted considerable efforts to secure energy sources. However, in recent times, the pressing issue of climate change has brought about a global concern for the development of low-carbon technologies to achieve carbon neutrality and foster green growth. The pursuit of sustainable renewable energy sources has consequently gained significant attention. Among the various types of renewable energy, solar cells have emerged as a promising solution due to their ability to convert abundant solar energy into electricity. In this regard,

The purpose of this thesis is to introduce various strategies aimed at enhancing the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells through additive engineering and interfacial engineering, as well as the development of new graphene-based flexible electrodes. The goal is to improve the efficiency and operational stability of both organic and perovskite solar cells.

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